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How do the Curricula of Different Provinces Compare on Controversial Subjects? How do students learn gender at school? Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. While these groupings are very broad, they do point to the consistency of general groups over time and across English-speaking countries. Jussim and Harber (2005) found that the expectations that teachers have about their students influenced how they behaved toward them. Since 2007 in Ontario and 2005 in Alberta, character education has been part of the official curriculum in public schools. Illustrate how peer groups contribute to the social identity of students. Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. Sweet et al. WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. The school setting now begins to take on some of the roles that previously only family members fulfilledbut in markedly different ways. Such school environments have been found to breed delinquent behaviour and academic failure. Education serves as an agent of socialization because it engages students in competition in academic success which helps create a social environment for students to interact in. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2004) and Me Read? Blair and Sanford (2004) found in their study of boys in an elementary school in Alberta that boys strongly preferred reading materials that they could talk about with their friends. Moral socialization was the first work of every school. The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. Bully victims often report experiencing headaches, extreme sadness, insomnia, stomachaches, and suicidal thoughts (Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpel, Marttunen, Rimpel, and Rantanen 1999). Because reading is highly associated with overall academic achievement and later-life occupational attainment, this is a problem that has tremendous sociological implications. Adapted from Dreeben, Robert, 1968, On What is Learned in School, Percheron Press, A Division of Eliot Werner Publications, Inc., Used with permission. WebSchools and Socialization into Social Class. This phenomenon of a network of disadvantageous social ties has been called negative social capital (Portes 1998). Opponents to uniforms argue that they impinge on students self-expression, create a disciplinarian environment, and do little to equalize social class differences among students. Sokal (2010) found no evidence that computer-assisted literacy programs had any influence on Canadian males from low socioeconomic backgrounds who struggled with reading. The government also funds other programs that provide Students academic abilities are identified early in their academic career through the grades they receive. Other perceived benefits of school uniforms, such as improved student achievement, improved self-esteem (particularly if less well-off students cannot afford the latest fashions), and the overall improvement of the learning environment (Pate 2006), have also been touted as rationales for implementation. Brunsma (2005, 2006) argues that in the United States, school uniforms have not been effective in addressing any of the issues they were intended to resolve. Arai (2000) found in a study of Canadian parents who home schooled their children that most indicated that they objected to specific parts of public education rather than the institution as a whole. Placing students in special education, for example, requires that students be labelled as formally needing specialized assistance in order to succeed with curricular expectations (Hibel, Farkas, and Morgan 2010). Introduction to the Sociology of Education, A Case Study of a Major Education-Related News Item in Canada, Using the Sociology of Education to Help Understand the Events in Attawapiskat, Bronfenbrenner and Ecological Systems Theory, The Development of Education in the Rest of Canada, The History of Aboriginal Education in Canada, Funding of Primary and Secondary Education in Canada, Public and Private Post-secondary Education, Historical Events in Canadian Curriculum Development. Like the deviants (below) they had a higher likelihood of alcohol use and sexual behaviour. She notes that style is perceived to be a voice of resistance among many girls, but also queries whether such an en masse expression of resistance through consumption of fashion and music can really be considered resistance if so many young people seem to be doing itat least to some extent. Gender Socialization. The physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. Opponents of streaming note that those from disadvantaged and working-class backgrounds are disproportionately found in the vocational stream (Cheung 2007; Davies and Guppy 2006). These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. Secondary socialization refers to the social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, like school. But curriculum is just one aspect. School dress codes can be a particularly contentious topic, particularly when the dress code rules appear to be targeting particular groups and if they do not appear to be enforced fairly. WebFor example, in the United States, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and Gintis 1976). But perhaps the worst part of school, especially public The peer groupconsists of individuals of a similar age and social identity. 1. Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). Verbal abuse by the teacher (which consisted of verbal humiliation, name-calling, and yelling) was also found to negatively impact on students academic achievement. Within the outer ring, teachers are also included as exemplars of moral behaviour (see Box 6.1). Codes of conduct are of particular interest because they have been created under the auspices of improving school safety. The peer group becomes more important in adolescence as a source of emotional security and identity. Racialized students and those who have had previous conduct problems within schools are much more likely to drop out of school. Children who are home schooled do not attend formal school and are taught usually by a parent in the home environment. Use Google to find home schooling advocacy groups in Canada. 9. Especially in early grades, the relationship that a child has with his or her teacher has a very important impact on emotional, social, behavioural, and academic adjustment (Pianta 1999). Moral education is a subject taught at all cycles of school in Quebec. Prior to attending school, childrens main source of socialization comes from their families. They found that the young adults who had been home schooled had higher academic attainment in young adulthood than the average population. Such factors may include the ability of the student to control his or her own behaviour (Daniel and Bondy 2008). As noted in an official Alberta Education document: Whether they are conscious of it or not, schools are involved in teaching cultural and societal mores and values and in shaping students ideas about what constitutes good behaviour (Alberta Education 2005:1). For example, if a child came from an absent family, or was put in a school or daycare when they were an infant or toddler, a school-like institution may influence primary socialization (Whitbeck, 1999). Sociology of Education in Canada by Dr. Karen L. Robson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). The students of the school are typically those who have had little success at other high schools and are considered at risk. The school has only three major rules: (1) attendance is mandatory, (2) outreach work is mandatory, and (3) mind-altering substances are prohibited. Indeed, this is a problem facing a great deal of Aboriginal youth in Canada. Students who are consistently placed in remedial classes may also start to view themselves as slow (Barakett and Cleghorn, 2008). Canadian researchers have found that verbal abuse by teachers in early childhood can have impacts on children not only during childhood and adolescence, but also into adulthood. 4. The girls argued that they were honouring a school tradition by wearing duct tape clothing to the game and that their attire was modest. 2003). When children start school, for example, they are socialized to obey authority (i.e., the teacher) and in how to be a student. Children, however, will now have other significant people in their lives from whom they will learn the skills of social interaction. The exceptions, of course, are private schools and many Catholic schools, where uniforms are traditional. As he works through arguments on the playground or resolves disagreements at his lunch table, his negotiation skills, problem-solving abilities and self-control develop, reports the Scholastic website. Streaming not only influences the course choices of students, but also contributes to the overall socialization of children and adolescents in schools. Similar to peer victimized children, peer rejection may occur simply because a child is perceived as being different in some way from other members of the peer group. Moral education extends into areas beyond the display of particular virtues. It has been found that peer abuse results in low self-esteem and depression (Boulton and Underwood 1993; Rigby and Slee 1995; Salmon and James 1998; Slee 1995; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), feelings of insecurity (Slee 1995), anxiety (Slee 1994), and social withdrawal (McCarthy 1997). WebFor example, a child whose parents value hard work may see a friends father sitting around watching television all day and begin to question the importance of work. They rejected the image presented by the preppy and popular girls, who, according to the skater girls, spent their leisure time shopping for fashionable, sexy clothing; applying makeup; flirting with boys; and talking about fashion and popular music (p. 145). Because the school is such an important agent in the socialization of children, it can also have negative impacts on children who experience negative interactions with their teachers. The failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. Sources: Manitoba Education www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/parents/senior/math.html Reproduced with permission from Manitoba Education. When a student enters high school, the courses that he or she takes greatly influence the post-secondary options available to him or her upon graduation. As well, in such discussions, the impact that this would have on female students is rarely considered (Greig 2003). Child victims also report having recurring memories of the abuse (Sharp 1995) and being afraid to seek help (Slee 1994; Smith and Myron- Wilson 1998). In other words, they felt that they were more likely to receive disciplinary action for a rule infraction than White students. They also tended to be popular. Fraternities and sororities are elite student clubs at North [S]tudents who aspire to careers that involve the development, production, teaching and study of more complex texts need to register in this course sequence. The table above shows the differences and similarities between the curricula of the two streams. Research in British Columbia around this policy has also found that those who are disciplined under zero tolerance policies are more likely to have disabilities or be racial minorities (Cassidy and Jackson 2005). Dunstable School in Alberta, for example, has instituted policies that promote socially desirable behaviour. This group tended to care the least about schoolwork and did not participate in extracurricular activities. Lamb, Bigler, Riben, and Green (2009) have also found that if teachers teach children to confront and challenge sexist stereotypes, the results can decrease gender stereotyping behaviour, particularly in girls. The inner ring is characterized by explicit moral instruction. One final agent of socialization is religion, discussed further in It is explained that students voices are important and that individual voices are to be developed within the boundaries of the community, which upholds the three rules. Medlin (2000) has noted that research on whether or not home schooled children experience adequate socialization is sparse and that which does exist often has hallmarks of poor research design and biased samples. Children that act in an aggressive or disruptive manner account for about one-third of children rejected by their peers (Crick and Dodge 1996). The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. Check provincial ministry of education websites for curriculum requirements and identify the differences between streams. Examine how official documents discuss the objectives of the different groups of courses. The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. Socialization: Social institutions provide the structure within which individuals learn the norms and values of society. Many critics of home schooling have argued that because school is such an important basis for socialization, this can only mean that children who are home schooled are going to be missing out on some very key aspects of socialization. The school setting is where the learning of the new role as a student occurs. The deviants category encapsulated a very diverse collection of peer groups including burnouts, stoners, skaters, rebels, punks, partiers, and various alternative groups (including those defined by sexual orientation). While gender roles are learned in primary socialization in the family, they can become further enforced or challenged in the school environment (Leaper and Friedman 2007). In a study of secondary students responses to dress codes, Raby (2010) found that many girls regarded specific aspects of dress codes overly restrictive (such as the prohibition of tank tops with spaghetti straps) but were often quick to condemn girls who wore revealing clothing as sluts. While wanting to challenge gender inequalities, they were also active participants in reproducing them. Characteristics of children that may be perceived to threaten classroom management may attract negative attention from teachers. How are schools teaching morality? During the process of cultural conformity, children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression. Many children arrive at school with behavioural problems and emotional needs that are not met in the family environment. Describe how school rules, codes of conduct, and dress codes impact on the socialization of students. Other research findings reveal that this is more than a perception and that abject racism has been detected in schools use of disciplinary procedures (Ferguson, Tilleczek, Boydell, and Rummens 2005). Attempts to attract more males to the teaching profession have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. With school teachers being almost exclusively female, the feminization of schoolingargument suggests that schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. For example, schools teach children how to behave appropriately in society. Critics argue, however, that further demarcating tasks as masculine and feminine continues to promote very narrow gender roles (Greig 2003). The argument that because school teachers are almost exclusively female, schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. School board rules also prohibit vandalism, aggression, and racist, homophobic, sexual, and gender-biased speech. They had a higher likelihood of participating in risky and illegal behaviour. And the grand outcome of socialization is also theorized to be the result of how all the systems interact with one another. Canadian studies of the outcomes associated with home schooling are much less plentiful than in the United States, where the home schooling movement has been growing rapidly. Young people tend to build their social identities around specific peer groups, particularly in adolescence. There are various reasons that parents choose to home school their children. Students may not touch other students. Being presented with that curriculum is one way that children are socialized into becoming desirable members of the public. Students who exhibit higher academic aptitude are put with similar students into advanced courses where they will be challenged. Children must learn the work ethic that goes along with school and understand the goals of learning as well as adjusting their efforts according to teacher feedback. Infamous acts of school violence, such as the events at Columbine High School in 1999, led to increased concern about violence in schools, which resulted in the emergence of zero tolerance policies around school codes of conduct. 2004). Conflicts within relationships are dealt with in ways such that the relationship itself becomes the weapon. A teacher, for example, is largely in charge of the student, but the relationship that a child has with a teacher is far less intimate than the relationship a child shares with his or her parents; A student must also adapt to spending a significant amount of time in large groups; A child must learn to be independent to achieve the academic goals of school; A child must also learn to form bonds and develop social bonds with other children in school; and. Other research has suggested that cultural differences between childrens families and teachers result in the enforcement of zero tolerance policies for perceived minor infractions being viewed as excessive and impersonal by parents (Bernhard et al. Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. No scientific evidence has been found that supports the idea that males perform better when taught by male teachers, either in Canada (Coulter and McNay 1993; Sokal et al. Box 6.1 Teaching Morality through Example and through Curriculum, Do students look at teachers as moral exemplars? The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. The narrowing of standardized test scores between males and femalesand across countrieshowever, strongly points to the differences as being cultural constructions that are shifting as the result of changing norms of socialization (Penner 2008). The second part discusses gender socialization with a close look and discussion on feminist theory. Popular girls and boys also tended to be part of high-status school-sponsored school activities, namely cheerleading (for girls) and team sports (for boys). So far, this chapter has described the various ways that teachers and school practices contribute to the socialization of children. Apple (2000) argues that home schoolers not only remove children from school, but also have gone so far as to isolate themselves into separate factions. Internationally, girls have also been achieving higher standardized reading scores than males since the 1990s (see Box 6.5 for discussion). The Safe Schools Act changed the policy to one of mandatory suspensions and expulsions and police involvement for particular rule infractions, provided that mitigating factors were taken into account. A dimension of socialization including the self-regulations of the body required of students to fit into the school environment, such as raising a hand or sitting still. The rationale behind introducing school uniforms was that standardizing wardrobes would make it impossible for students to wear clothes reflecting gang affiliation and the presence of intruders within schools would be easier to identify as they would stand out in a sea of uniforms. What group(s) were you in? Social experiences are required to develop communication and social skills. WebMaster the fundamentals of SPSS with this newly updated and instructive resource The newly and thoroughly revised Second Edition of SPSS Essentials delivers a comprehensive guide for students in the social sciences who wish to learn how to use the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for the effective collection, management, and Resistance by youth to the socialization forces of the school and its inherent power relationships can be expressed in a variety of ways. Policy in which specific code infractions result in immediate punishment, usually in the form of suspension or expulsion, and sometimes involving the police. Differentiate between the home schooled experience and outcomes of socialization with those who attend school. Less overt ways of instilling values through curricular practices are also found in citizenship education, which teaches students about being good citizens. Citizenship education is present in the primary and secondary curricula of all Canadian provinces and territories (Evans 2006). For example, in 2010, two Winnipeg teachers were under investigation after performing a sexually suggestive dirty dance at a high school dance competition. This type of socialization is accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. Because each province in Canada handles its own curriculum, how streaming occurs in school varies greatly by jurisdiction. Peer victimizationrefers to physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. The home schooled also tended to attach a great deal more importance to religious beliefs than the comparable population. In conclusion, the agent of socialization refers to the various social institutions, groups, and individuals that shape an individual's social identity and behavior. Incorporating technology into the classroom has also been suggested as a way to improve boys reading achievement, particularly through the use of the internet. The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. In addition to features of the school and teacher characteristics, a major part of socialization at school involves students interaction with their peer group. What has changed, however, is the larger proportion of boys without male parents in the home. There is one teacher for a large group of children and the relationship with the teacher is less personal than a childparent relationship. The development of the generalized other, where a child learns to adopt the attitudes of the wider society, occurs in secondary socialization. What are the outcomes of home schooling in terms of the socialization of children? All of these examples require the student to self-regulate his or her bodys physical actions in ways that the child may not have had to do in a family setting. Sussman et al. 52 Examples of a Social Experience John Spacey, June 09, 2022 Social experiences are interactions with other people. As well, much flexibility exists in the structure and content of courses as they are shaped by student interest. Describe how peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression impact on the socialization experiences of students. Brint (1998) identifies three major zones of socialization within classrooms (see Figure 6.2). Positive peer group support has been found to be associated with academic success and prosocial behaviours. Schools socialize children by teaching them their formal curricula but also a hidden curriculum that imparts the cultural values of the society in which the schools are found. One of these values is the need to respect authority, as evidenced by these children standing in line. Variation and Formulas Completing a Portfolio, English Language Arts Streaming in Alberta, Mathematics is not the only subject that is streamed. The outer ring consists of implicit moral instruction, where students are provided with moral exemplars in more sophisticated ways, such as through the curriculum of history and literature. The athletes consisted of jocks, members of sports teams, and cheerleaders. How did you perceive other groups? Warm and supportive teachers and a positive school climate are crucial for the positive social development of children, and the absence of such can have long-term detrimental effects on students, particularly if they have family problems. Socialization in the Schooling Process Sociology of Education Peer aggression can also take the form of relational aggression, which has been identified as behaviour specific to girls (Artz 1998; Simmons 2002). Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. This curriculum is intended as preparation for calculus at the university level.. Even when accounting for numerous childhood risk factors such as social class of origin, gender, and antisocial behaviour, having been verbally abused by a teacher in early childhood was associated with behavioural problems in adulthood. What solutions are being offered? 2010). In Canada, children from elementary to high school levels spend about seven hours a day at school for about 200 days of the year. He or she may have to raise a hand to ask questions. In Chapter 4, for example, research by Willms (2008) was considered which argued that French immersion programs act as an informal streaming mechanism as French immersion students tend to be from significantly higher socio-economic backgrounds and less likely to have a learning disability. 3. In fact, mile Durkheim (1973) proposed a protracted role for educators in socializing children into morality. Alberta Education. According to Raby, adolescent girls resistance is hard to characterize because it expresses itself within local, micro-struggles working in an oppositional but sporadic, diffuse, and localized manner (p. 148). The latter is oriented for someone who wishes to achieve university or post-secondary prerequisites (see Box 6.2 for some comparisons of applied and academic trajectories in Canada). WebInterests. Their inability to behave in ways that are socially acceptable can have many causes, such as parenting styles and disciplinary techniques in the home (Putallaz and Heflin 1990). Such outcomes suggest that the home schooled adults who answered the survey did not suffer from barriers due to socialization problems. It is implied, however, that more male role models in the classroom would improve boys improvementbut critics again argue that this view relies on a single vision of masculinity that is assumed to be the same among all male teachers (Greig 2003). In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. Streaming not only serves to increase the efficiency of teaching and classroom management, but also results in social groupings of students that have significant social meaning within and outside of the school. Schools with the most severe discipline problems usually have the worst social climates as well. During socialization, a person learns to become a member of a group, community, or society.