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In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. Queen Elizabeth I: The Controversies and the - Ancient Origins Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. The most formidable female leaders in history - Stars Insider In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. PDF Subject: History Year: 10Lesson 3 - Schudio Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Elizabeth I and France - History Learning Site A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Doodle's Point of View What happened to Elizabeth I in 1554? - Answers Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. God blew and they were scattered - The National Archives (*fragmentary*). The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. VAT reg no 816865400. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. The attack was a success. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! . From there we will look at the career . Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. West Yorkshire, The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. Student / France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. Elizabeth and the Netherlands Issue - 1576-1584 (GCSE Example - Tutor2u This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Challenges To Elizabeth At Home And Abroad - Learndojo.org The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia She was a Protestant. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Foreign Policy 1553 to 1558 - History Learning Site If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. PDF GCSE History Elizabethan Age, 1558-1603 Revision guide One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. Spanish invasion plans. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. Elizabeth I | Hampton Court Palace | Historic Royal Palaces Edward VI - Wikipedia Best Answer. How serious a threat was Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth's rule? This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). . To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. PDF Elizabethan England 155888. (Paper 2) Model - The Oakwood Academy He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. to answer the Section Focus Question: After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558 - Dovskapets.com After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. What were the causes of westward Who was Queen Elizabeth enemies? - idswater.com Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. Elizabethan Religious Settlement - BBC Bitesize [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. Explain why France was such a threat to Elizabeth when she - Brainly The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. The early Tudors, 1485-1558 | Institute of Continuing Education (ICE) The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. The invasion failed, however. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. LS23 6AD As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . Foreign Affairs / Overview of Elizabeth I / Historical Association