Chapter 2.1.4 Suspended level viscometers for transparent liquid, Ubbelohde Viscometer page 28-31. The hydrodynamic radius is important in predicting transretinal penetration Carroll PJ. ; De Jong, S.J. Carbohydrate Polymers, 36, 319-326. Analytical Chemistry. The 70-kDa FITC dextran reached the jejunum after 15 min and passed the entire small intestine within 1 h after its administration, demonstrating that 4-kDa FITC ; Aberle, T; Burchard, W. (2000). The molecular mass of dextran as determined by the gel filtration and copper bicinchoninate method was approximately, 800 kDa. Whiteside PJD, Chininis JA, Schellenberg MW, Qian C, Hunt HK. Macromolecules. Salunkhe SS, Bhatia NM, Pokharkar VB, Thorat JD, Bhatia MS. Topical delivery of idebenone using nanostructured lipid carriers: evaluations of sun-protection and anti-oxidant effects. Human skins (Full-thickness human skin) were supplied by HansBiomed. 4K, 10K, and 20K) permeated through the human, and pig skin after microporation. Dynamic light scattering study confirmed the mono-disperse nature of dextran with hydrodynamic radius of 900 nm. Figure 3 shows that the parameters vary with temperature, evidencing a clear functionality of them. Levin G, Gershonowitz A, Sacks H, Stern M, Sherman A, Rudaev S, Zivin I, Phillip M. Transdermal delivery of human growth hormone through RF-microchannels. Carbohydrate Polymers 99, 199-207. Monolayers and Thin Films of Dextran Hydrophobically Modified. Our portfolio includes for example derivatives of dextran, polysucrose, inulin and more. 2. 2013;43(4):287303. Dextran. Journal Argentine Chemical Society 100 (2013) 25-34. Intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship for chitosan. For rigid macromolecules, it is also conventional to combine a solution property with the volume of the particle itself, or with a quantity directly derived from it [54, 55, 56]. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41, 1260-1267. In order to confirm the molecular weight the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for standard dextrans is used in a range of molecular weights from 8.8 to 2000kDa and these correspond to the following equation. Sachdeva V, Banga AK. A simple and rapid method for evaluation of MarkHouwinkSaturada constants of linear random coil polysaccharides using molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity determined by high performance size exclusin chromatography: application to guar galactomannan. 24h after microporation, the pore sizes reduced from 64.8817.20m (0h) to 48.854.27m (24h), and the pore depths reduced from 83.9120.56m (0h) to 63.9527.61m (24h). Kim J, Jang JH, Lee JH, Choi JK, Park WR, Bae IH, Bae J, Park JW. Drug deliv. Granath, K. A. As a consequence of the diversity in their origin, the set of classical universal size independent quantities suffers from shortcomings. Microporation techniques for enhanced delivery of therapeutic agents. Table1 shows TEWL values measured immediately after the microporation of human and pig skins. These results indicate that healing and regeneration occurred in the human cadaver skin after the microporation. Characterization of high molecular weight dextran produced by Weissella cibaria CMGDEX3. Keywords: The increased TEWL values which were proportional to the number of microspores indicate SC disruption and formation of microchannels in the skin. volume24, Articlenumber:22 (2020) The hydrodynamic radius R h, defined as the radius of a hard sphere that diffuses at the same rate as the solute, takes these effects into account. Anal. (1990). osmotic pressure or light scattering). Ghimici, Luminita; Nichifora, Marieta; Eich, Andreas; Wolf, Bernhard A. Dextran molecular size and degree of branching as a function of sucrose concentration, pH, and temperature of reaction of. Carbohydrate Polymers, 38, 267-271. Because of the recent animal protection rules which have restricted animal experiments [19], we used human cadaver skin as an alternative to animals. Many works are aimed at determining molecular weights [1, 7, 26], hydrodynamic radius, among other parameters for characterizing the physics and chemistry properties of dextran in solution. 2014 Sep;5(9):2324-30. doi: 10.1039/c4fo00319e. Boudry I, Blanck O, Cruz C, Blanck M, Vallet V, Bazire A, Capt A, Josse D, Lallement G. Percutaneous penetration and absorption of parathion using human and pig skin models in vitro and human skin grafted onto nude mouse skin model in vivo. Teixeira CG, Fusieger A, Milio GL, Martins E, Drider D, Nero LA, de Carvalho AF. J Appl Toxicol. ; Ghosh, T.K. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Macromolecules, 31, 7712-7716. ; Ross-Murphy, S.B. Journal of Colloid Science, 31, 308-328. Int J Food Sci Nutr. Carbohydr Polym. Human cadaver skin has been confirmed as alive skin tissue through analysis of its morphology and enzymes, and its usefulness as an alternative skin membrane in drug permeation experiments has been verified [20]. where tr is the column retention time in minutes (2 of 0.9792). Catiker, E.; Guner, A. SEC of mono-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in a wide range of pH, MarkHouwink constants. Elias, Hans-Georg (1975). The characteristic Rg/Rh value for a globular protein is ~0.775, which means that Rg is smaller than Rh. European Polymer Journal, 37, 619-622. The formula is verified for different systems of polymer-solvent and the values are in accord with those obtained by extrapolation. The Solomon-Ciuta single-point method is used for calculating dextran intrinsic viscosity and the error relative is calculated, and %RE respect to Huggins method is >4.18% for 2000kDa, and >2.06% for 8.8kDa (Table 2). (2004). The temperature increment can induce a macromolecule compaction (decreases in RH and []), generating by this way, a greater difficult to flowing due at requires an increase of energy consumption (Eavf<). Journal of American Chemical Society, 76 (20), 5041-5052. Carbohydrate Research, 340, 811-826. Dextran Triple Detector Application Note 1, Viscotek GmbH, USA. Conducting a comparative analysis of the data shown in Table 1 can observer that parameter data Mark-Houwink a, obtained by these authors are very similar to that obtained in this work, which affirms its validity. ; Patel, T.R. Pharmaceutical Quality Dextran 40 is available from Pharmacosmos as active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) as excipient for final formulation, drug product, for medical devices, for production of solutions for injection and infusion and much more. The solutions were prepared in bidestilated water at 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 % wt. Ed., 9(2), 85-90. pp13-21. The intrinsic viscosity calculation requires several concentrations, and because of this inconvenient will not use the Huggins method in this paper. 2018 Aug 9;23(8):1984. doi: 10.3390/molecules23081984. Harding, S. E.; Varum, K.; Stoke B.; Smidsrod, O. Biomater Res 24, 22 (2020). Lucifer yellow (LY) and FITC-labelled dextran stock solutions were prepared in Ringers-HEPES buffer (150 mM NaCl, 3.4 mM CaCl 2, 1.2 mM MgCl 2, 5.2 mM KCl, 0.5 mM NaHCO 3, 2.8 mM glucose, and 10 mM HEPES) and frozen at 20C. WebTry out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Seven dextrans, provided by Sigma, with molecular weight of 8.8, 40, 71.9, 110, 200, 580 and 2000 kDa. Barshtein, G.; Tamir, I.; Yedgar, S. (1998). ; Wood, P.J. H&E stained images were analyzed using Image J software. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 23, 135-141. Morris, G.A. The micropores were developed on pig skin and human cadaver skin with dermal and epidermal layers by the microporation device. Format), Citation-(BibTeX Skin barrier disruption by acetone: observations in a hairless mouse skin model. TEWL values before and immediately after microporation on human cadaver skin according to the number of times microproration was done (n=3). Ther. The great deviation at 2000kDa occurs due to the large hyperbranched structure of the macromolecule, generating a change in its conformation and, therefore, a change in the way it flows [73]. All authors have consented to the submission of this manuscript for publication. Chemical penetration enhancers for transdermal drug delivery systems. Surface morphology study of dextran by scanning electron microscopy showed the porous web like structure. Red blood cell rouleaux formation in dextran solution: dependence on polymer conformation. Alternatively, the value of qM-H can be calculated using numerical methods and other-average molecular weights (Mn, Mw, Mz) according to where c and d are empirical polynomial functions of the exponent a. The parameters of Mark-Houwink for polymers can vary with the polymer solution and temperature. ; Dutt, N.V.K. The skins were from the abdomen of a 39-year-old caucasian woman (BMI: 24). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 72, 871-876. PMC ; Prasad, D.H.L. Food Funct. 56 The linkage that the enzyme dextranase breaks down is indicated by the black arrow. In fact, short chains do contain minor branching points. Cite this article. Thus, it is a common practice to express the frictional coefficient of rigid structures as. The Mark-Houwink parameters indicate the dependence with temperature (T) in the range from 20 to 50C, ie with increasing T a increases and kM-H decreases. (2007). Karmarkar, S.; Garber, R.: Kluza, J.; Koberda, M. (2006). Viscosity of Liquids. These results are in agreement with a previous study which suggested that the microporation using radiofrequency causes disruption of the SC, enabling the percutaneous permeation of the FITC-dextran [21]. For ellipsoids, as studied by Simha, (a/b) is a function of axial ratio. By using this website, you agree to our Figure 2 shows the classical method for calculating Mark-Houwink parameters, where a linear relation between the intrinsic viscosity and the molecular weight is established for each temperature. 2021 Aug;13(4):915-925. doi: 10.1007/s12602-021-09751-1. Pure Appl. Pathan IB, Setty CM. Harding, Stephen E. (1997). The particular dextrans which were used initially for conversion into synthetic blood-volume expanders [6, 7], human red blood cells aggregation for increasing the degree of polymerization and hence the molecular weight [8, 9, 10], hydrogels and microspheres [11], in drug transport system and its modifications as nanoparticles [12], in the removal through absorption of contaminant effluents such as heavy metals, organic molecules and inks [13], in the formation of biodegradable films [14, 15]. WebFluorescent and biotinylated dextrans are routinely employed to trace neuronal projections. where c is the solute concentration (g/cm3), [] is the intrinsic viscosity (cm3/g), and kH represents Huggins constants (cm3/g). In summary, we demonstrated effective enhancement of skin permeability and delivery of macromolecules lower than 20KM.W., and regeneration of human cadaver skin after microporation with an RF-based microporation device. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Format), Citation-(EndNote The receptor chamber was filled with PBS. Springer Nature. All possible degrees of curling can be displayed by any molecule, but there will be an average configuration which will depend on the solvent. Chromatographic characterization of polymers: Hyphenated and multidimensional techniques. These results suggest that fibroblasts proliferate and migrate under the SC, and regenerate the skin. Pore closure examination was performed using an optical microscope (BX43, Olympus, Japan) immediately (time 0), 4, 8, and 24h following device application. Coviello, T.; Matricardi, P.; Marianecci, C.; Alhaique, F. (2007). Soc., 21, 1, 78-86. Materiaux 1-5. Gums and stabilisers for the Food Industry, 5, 447-450. By studying the molecular weights of various solutions of polymer, Solomon-Ciuta arrived at the formula which allowed the calculation of the intrinsic viscosity of polymer solutions by a single viscosity determination. Journal of Chemical Education, 80(9), 1036-1038. In our present study, microporated skin permeated insufficient amount of 20K FITC-dextran, suggesting that enhancement of permeability was unsuccessful with macromolecules of more than 20KM.W.. Dextran is soluble in water, methyl sulphoxide, formamide, ethylene glycol, glycerol, 4-methylmorpholine-4-oxide, and hexamethyl phosphamide [4]. Huang S, Huang G. Preparation and drug delivery of dextran-drug complex. Hydrodynamic Properties of Tragacanthin. WebLabeled dextrans are hydrophilic polysaccharides most commonly used in microscopy studies to monitor cell division, track the movement of live cells, and to report the Biomaterials, 22, 1891-1898. Int. The analysis of errors using the Solomon-Ciuta method is compared with HM [59]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 79, 380-390. Drug Discov Today Technol. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Figure3 shows a magnified image of human cadaver skin with microchannels formed by the microporation device (250kHz) and the skin closure over time. WebHydrodyamic Radius, R H: In addition to the analytic size of a linear (C=1) chain, the end to end distance, R eted or R 0, and the structural size, the radius or gyration, R g, dynamic measurements yield a size called the hydrodynamic radius, R H. Consider a rod particle of length L=10R where R is the radius. WebThe Stokes radius or StokesEinstein radius of a solute is the radius of a hard sphere that diffuses at the same rate as that solute. Nair SS. government site. Journal of American Chemical Society, 64(11), 2716-2718. Journal Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 97, 295-301. FITC-dextran molecular weights; 4, 10, and 20kDa molecular weight were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Pharm Res. (2008). For a values from 0-0.5 a rigid sphere is predicted in a ideal solvent, from 0.5-0.8 a random coil in good solvent, and from 0.8-2 a rigid or rod like shape is expected (stiff chain). WebFITC Products. After 24h, the cumulative permeation of FITC-dextran M.W. These values indicate for dextrans in dilute aqueous solution, both methods give very similar results of the intrinsic viscosity and the respective Mw. This universalization of the parameters leads to a higher error ratio in the calculation of the respective molecular weights. Comparison of single-point and dilution procedures. Kasaai, Mohammad R. (2007). Deng H, Konopka CJ, Prabhu S, Sarkar S, Medina NG, Fayyaz M, Arogundade OH, Vidana Gamage HE, Shahoei SH, Nall D, Youn Y, Dobrucka IT, Audu CO, Joshi A, Melvin WJ, Gallagher KA, Selvin PR, Nelson ER, Dobrucki LW, Swanson KS, Smith AM. The fast increasing of these polyglucosans for medical, industrial and research purposes motivated a survey of the types obtainable. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-020-00201-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-020-00201-7. After 24h the micropores were either closed or reduced further to smaller sizes, 37.5020.41, 50.5718.07, and 58.5814.99m, for 2, 5, and 10 times microporation, respectively.