This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. The paper begins by placing the question in an historical context examines its different phases and characters. Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. >> By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. Seven (7) Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria - Blogger Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria - Samphina Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. Your email address will not be published. >> $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? Federalism - Federal Features of Indian Constitution For UPSC! Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. What is federalism? The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance, Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria, How To Calculate OAU Aggregate Score for Admission, Best Education Websites and Blogs In Nigeria (2021), Lakzeland Regional High School Board Of Education, Student Loan Planning Educational Webinar With Justin Rice, Is Agricultural Chemicals a Good Career Path? Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. /F7 24 0 R To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Minority Issues and the Creation of State | Week 10. It is not surprising that Nigeria in its 55 years of political sojourn has tried different forms of federalism. % This embodies ideas of promise, obligation, and undertaking; and consequently, the federal idea draws on collaboration, reciprocity, and mutuality. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. The analysis of the emerging issues and scenarios as well as the response options aims at supporting the efforts of different stakeholders including the Federal government on managing the current pro-Biafra agitation. Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. /Contents 4 0 R But nigeria today became the proudable and bearable country, Federalism is a method of segregating powers so that the central and local governments are each within a domain, harmonizing and autonomous. /F5 18 0 R Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. 7. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. %PDF-1.5 or this it really helped me, Your email address will not be published. All rights reserved. Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. |4-Iv It is on this footing, herewith, that one can properly understand the rational for, and theory of federalism, what and why certain trends theme up federal-state relations in Nigeria, and the features of federal-state relations in Nigeria. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. << In some areas where major communal or other social antagonism cuts across territorial boundaries, ranging through all the federating units, communities or classes have been driven to seek to protect or strengthen their position by inter-territorial union. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Regrettably, this system is founded on a militarily-conceived constitution lacking a fully enforceable bill of rights and clear governmental functions. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. There was just the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. 3 0 obj Nigeria's founding fathers desired a federal political framework, believing that federal states have the structural capacity to accommodate diversity. Required fields are marked *. Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. Take for example, in the Nigerian case of Attorney General of Federation v Attorney General of Abia and others (2002) 3 NCLR 1ar p 54, the issue of resource control in a true federalism was the bone of contention in that matter. Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. In a unitary constitution which opposes federal principles, everything belongs to the central government; the federating unit does not exist, let alone agitating for resource control. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . Further Philosophical Issues 4.1 Sovereignty or federalism 4.2 Issues of Constitutional and Institutional Design 4.3 Sources of Stability 4.4 Division of Power 4.5 Distributive Justice Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. 7 Reasons for Federalism in Nigeria: Why Nigeria Adopted Federal System So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. Federalism in India. This is because most of the power (financial and. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and. Problems facing the legal profession in Nigeria, History of the legal profession in Nigeria, Problems of Local Government in Nigeria And Solutions, 5 important Characteristic of customary law, Sources of Nigerian Law: everything you need to know. From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . PDF Federal Theory and Federalism in Africa Berihun Gebeye - McGill University There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. You are already subscribed to our newsletter! If you answer to the above questions is no, then you lucky to be here. Comparative Analysis of Federalism and Natural Resource Management 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria By Professor Sakah Saidu Mahmud Kwara State University, Malete 1. Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. 6 0 obj The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. READ ALSO: Reasons for political apathy in Nigeria, Get the hottest stories from the largest news site in Nigeria. Since Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation and Federalism is more practicable in such kind of nation, it is an ideal system of government. Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. ICT and Its Impact on National Development In Nigeria: An Overview No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. However, that is not so in a federal government system. PDF The 2015 General Elections: Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and . Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. Is there high propensity or likelihood of exclusion, marginalization and relative deprivation, which was to engender obsessive mutual antagonism? stream The origin of federalism in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial era. The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. The constitution must be rigid to avoid frequent and unnecessary changes. This is because federalism is presented as a panacea in organizing distinct political identities under a state. by the federal or any state government. welcome, and thanks for reading us. The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. This paper consequently argues that the anxiety as well as angst attributable to this agitation has the tendencies of not only disrupting the relative-peace presently enjoyed by the various groups, but is also, if not controlled, capable of plunging the country into a state of economic comatose and perpetual fragility. The fact that these nations chose to adopt a federal system does not prove anything; it does, however, suggest that federalism may help these countries manage the problems that come with ethnic . The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is publishing this proposed rule to revise HUD's regulations for branch office registration requirements. In the case of Nigeria - how the oil money will be (in)judiciously dealt with. Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. >> Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. Ethnic Minorities and Federalism in Nigeria - JSTOR The states were later increased to 30 states. Evidently, Nigeria's political culture. Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. PDF Department Of Economics University Of Ilorin | freewebmasterhelp "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. PDF Fiscal Federalism, Resource Control, and Restructuring in Nigeria: the What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? (PDF) Federalism in Nigeria -Problems, Prospects and the Imperative of As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. There must exist supremacy of the constitution, which implies that laws passed by the authority in the federal arrangement, if contrary to the constitution shall be declared to be ultra votes. /Length 3884 Moreover, What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? Fear of insecurity and the desire for a Union Meaning of federalism? It is our pleasure. Excellent, thanks a lot f /F3 12 0 R Why indirect rule succeeded in Northern Nigeria, SEE REASONS HERE. FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, This study, using content analysis, examined the impact of fiscal federalism and the struggles of ethnic minority groups in the Niger Delta on the trajectories of the national question in Nigeria. /BitsPerComponent 8 (PDF) Federalism as a Political Ideology and System of Government: The Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. PDF Nigeria'S Federalism and Challenges of Implementing Federal Character Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. June 1,2022 Besides the Big Three - Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria. examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. Does Federalism Make Sense For The Philippines? - Forbes It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder, Best Lawyers In The World (With Pictures): Top 10 Most Popular, Factors that Limits Independence of the Judiciary in Nigeria, Statute of Fraud: Contracts Required to be in Writing, Advantages And Disadvantages Of a Limited Liability Company (LLC), Richest Christian Musicians In The World: Top 10 Wealthiest, Countries With The Highest Minimum Wage 2022: Top 13, Best Handworks/Skills To Learn In Nigeria 2023: Top 12 Most Lucrative, Richest Engineers In Nigeria 2022: Top 10 Highest Paid, Cheapest Places to Live in the United Kingdom 2022: 12 Most Affordable, Cheapest Places/Cities To Live In Nigeria 2022. Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. ideology, federalism becomes the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the. We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. Identities can be in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion and other differences," she says. The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. This feature of federalism is widely believed to be a veritable framework for even and need-sensitive development.
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