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In India, garlic is used to relieve problems, such as coughs and fevers or applied externally to prevent graying of hair andto improve skin conditions, such as eczema and scabies as well as to treat tetanus andlungs inflammation (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). Excessive consumption of these foods is inadvisable, particularly in their raw state (many patients are now juicing). The ovary matures as a capsule or a berry with 3 to numerous seeds. Tulips are propagated via bulbs, which develop at the base of the bulb of the previous year. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. By Franz J. Nienhaus. The medicinal use of plants as analgesic or The type genus, Lily (Lilium), has a long history in literature and art, and a tradition of symbolism as well as becoming a popular female name, and a floral emblem, particularly of France (fleur-de-lis). Calochortus apiculatus. Seeds can be used for propagation of the plant or to create hybrids and can take five to eight years to produce flowering plants. Lilies and tulips in particular have had considerable symbolic and decorative value, and appear frequently in paintings and the decorative arts. The antifertility activities of the aqueous and ethanol extracts were 40% (for leaves), 60% (for roots), and 20% (for leaves), 40% (for roots), respectively. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Privacy Policy3. The female gameto-phyte is of the monosporic, Polygonum type or the tetrasporic, Fritillaria type. [66], Bulb offsets and tissue culture produce genetic clones of the parent plant and thus maintaining genetic integrity of the cultivars. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): Brassica spp. It was also reported that in Islam, it is generally recommended not to eat raw garlic prior to going to the mosque, since the odor could distract other Muslims during their prayer. G. Trillium grandiflorum. Mottling or striping of the leaves also occurs. Garlic is widely used as a medicine worldwide and is regarded as an aphrodisiac (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). The fruit is a loculicidal, septicidal, or irregularly dehiscent capsule or a berry. It is also close to Juncaceae as in both the seeds have albumen but differs from Juncaceae in petaloid perianth. J. Engelmann, J. Hamacher, in Encyclopedia of Virology (Third Edition), 2008. E. Ovary cross-section, showing three carpels and locules. Sinauer Associates. Economic Importance 4. The Liliaceae probably arose as shade plants, with subsequent evolution to open areas including deciduous forest in the more open autumnal period, but then a return of some species (e.g. Currently the APWeb lists fifteen genera, arranged as shown in this table:[2][11]. It was concluded that the leaves and roots of this plant possess hormonal properties that can modulate the reproductive function of the experimental rats with respect to anti-implantation and antifertility [27]. It is widely distributed all over the world. Aloe vera yields Aloin. The aqueous extracts of the leaves and the roots showed an anti-implantation activity of 70% and 77%, respectively, while the ethanol extracts of the leaves and roots showed 48% and 61%, respectively. From: Medicinal Plant Research in Africa, 2013, J.D.D. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Streaks of darker color may occur on tepals of red flowering varieties, whereas those streaks appear translucent in yellow or white flowers. [31][32] In the context of a general review of the classification of angiosperms, the Liliaceae were subjected to more intense scrutiny. [53][54][55] One of the tulip breaking viruses is also named the Rembrandt tulip-breaking virus (ReTBV).[56][57]. Liliaceae s.s.. Research is now being done to examine these glycosides more carefully. Shade-dwelling genera usually have broader leaves with smooth edges and net venation, and fleshy fruits (berries) with animal-dispersed seeds, rhizomes, and small, inconspicuous flowers while genera native to sunny habitats usually have narrow, parallel-veined leaves, capsular fruits with wind-dispersed seeds, bulbs, and large, visually conspicuous flowers. Elaine M Aldred BSc (Hons), DC, Lic Ac, Dip Herb Med, Dip CHM, Kenneth Vall, in Pharmacology, 2009. In Pakistan, garlic extract is traditionally taken orally to settle the stomach, treat coughs, and reduce fever (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). F,G. TBV played an important role in the Dutch tulipomania in the seventeenth century, in that it increased the value of tulips with decorative flower breaking and led to wild speculations with astronomical prices for one variegated tulip bulb. Fritillaria atropurpurea. [33] Despite establishing this relative degree of monophyly (genetic homogeneity) for the family Liliaceae,[34][35] their morphology remains diverse[7] and there exists within the Liliaceae clade or grouping, a number of subclades (subgroups). [51][52] In modern times tulip breeders have produced varieties that mimic the effect of the virus, without being infected. Only the Liliaceae are described here. Allyl sulfide compounds are absent. 1. Various authorities (e.g. D. Flower close-up, some tepals removed. LMoV is a potyvirus and was formerly thought to be a strain of TBV, but serological, host range, and molecular investigations have set it apart from TBV as an own species. Taxonomists have struggled with lily-like flowers, originally lumping them together as a conglomerate Lily family encompassing about 250 genera and 3,700 species. WebAtropa belladona, an important medicinal plant is of the family Solanaceae. The leaves are linear in shape, with their veins usually arranged parallel to the edges, single and arranged alternating on the stem, or in a rosette at the base. Disporum smithii. Rhizome with radical leaves, inflorescence a spike, e.g. Smilax. Explain with suitable example. Allium:. Cronquist merged the Liliaceae with the Amaryllidaceae, making this one of the largest monocotyledon families. These vary from the large Fritillaria imperialis (crown imperial) available in a number of colours such as yellow or orange, to much smaller species such as Fritillaria meleagris or Fritillaria uva-vulpis with their chequered patterns. Tulips originated from Central Asia and include about 100 different species. The Solanaceae (also called nightshades) are a family of flower-bearing plants that can be perennials, biennials, or annuals. Near Glacier National Park. (2006) for phy-logenetic analyses of the order. A. porrum is largely used as soup ingredient and vegetable throughout Africa, and is known to possess anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, stimulant, stings, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator, antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, insecticidal, fungicidal properties (Akroum etal.,2009; Auger etal.,2002). Like a lily among thorns is my darling among the young women" or the Gospel of Mathew (6, 28) "Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin" to represent beauty. Venation is usually parallel but reticulate in Smilax and Trillium. Herreria. Disclaimer Copyright, Share Your Knowledge By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. In this chapter, we have discussed the evidence of the pharmacological properties as well as the phytochemical composition of onion as obtained from scientific publications retrieved in Pubmed, Sciencedirect, Scopus, Web-of-knowledge, and Google Scholar. Luzuriaga. WebAffinities of Liliaceae: 1. Other viruses, reported to naturally infect lilies are ArMV, TRSV, ToRSV, CMV, TRV, TSWV, TMV, and SLRSV. The embryo sac is of the Fritillaria type. Garlic grows in temperate and tropical regions all over the world, and many cultivars have been developed to suit different climates (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). Photographed in New Zealand. Although many Lilium species such as Lilium martagon and Lilium candidum can be obtained commercially, the majority of commercially available lilies represent the products of a very diverse hybridisation program, which has resulted in a separate horticultural classification, including such groupings as Asian, Oriental and Orienpet. While predominantly depicted as white, those seen at Akrotiri are red lilies. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Calochortus macrocarpus. Allium, Agapanthus. See Rudall et al. 2. Examples include tulips, onions, lilies, etc. Echinacea can be taken a number of times a day, as recommended by an herbalist. Tulip virus X (TVX) has been reported in tulips from Great Britain and from Japan. [71][72][73] Dogs may develop less serious effects such as gastrointestinal problems and central nervous system depression. Can cockroaches be fused together with their Brain Juice? GI. Being the simplest member identified of the 3a-hydroxycyclotryptamines, representing the N-1 methylated skeleton, the structure is of considerable interest not at least for reference purposes. Raphide crystals and chelidonic acid are lacking. The Liliaceae consist of perennial herbs. The helobian origin is further supported by the flower construction of Helonias which is similar to the members of Juncaceae. Key words: Diseases and disorders, Aloe vera, Colchicum, etc. The cultivation of lilies has been described since at least the ninth century, when Charlemagne ordered it to be grown at his imperial palaces. Methods of propagation include both sexual and asexual reproduction. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Onions are cultivated and used throughout the world. Herbaceous, or woody, solid or fistular, underground; aerial climbing or erect; underground stem may be corm, bulb or rhizome. These are referred to as species, or botanical, tulips, and tend to be smaller plants but better at naturalising than the cultivated forms. The main producer of tulip bulbs is the Netherlands, a country that accounts for 87% of the global cultivated area, with approximately 12,000 hectares. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 600 species. In the Liliaceae only one cyclotryptamine is known. In Africa, garlic is used as an antibiotic, and it has a reputation for lowering bloodpressure and cholesterol, and inhibiting thrombus formation (http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativum_%28PROTA%29). Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. When young plants are infected, severe yellowing of leaves or browning of veins in stems may occur. The virus can be sap-transmitted by mechanical inoculation onto herbaceous test plants. The colorful flowers produce large amounts of nectar and pollen that attract insects which pollinate them (entomophily), particularly bees and wasps (hymenopterophily), butterflies (psychophily) and moths (phalaenophily). Flowers arise on the upper surface of phylloclades. TBV affects color breaking of flowers particularly in late-flowering pink, purple, and red cultivars, while white- and yellow-flowered cultivars are not affected. Early Christian churches, such as that of the Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe were sometimes decorated with lilies. Lily family (after Lilium, a name used in Virgil's writings). Lilies have 3 sepals and 3 petals, which are identical in size and color (often referred to as 6 tepals). Tongue Reservoir. In modern times it appears in many forms, symbolic and decorative, and can be used on compasses to indicate the direction north, as well as the Scouting movement. Pedicellate, small, hermaphrodite, hypogynous, complete, actinomorphic, trimerous, white, bracteate. It includes 250 genera and 4000 species, which are world wide in distribution. Plants may become stunted and flowers sometimes deformed. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to share notes in Biology. By the sixteenth century it was a national symbol, hence the designation "Tulip era", by which time they were becoming of economic importance.[58]. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. [58][92] Eventually speculative trading in tulips became so intense as to cause a financial bubble which eventually collapsed, a period known as tulip mania (tulipomania), from 1634 to 1637,[93][94] similar to the Ottoman Empire's Tulip era. The family evolved approximately 68 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene epochs. They also form a significant part of the cut flower market, in particular Tulipa and Lilium. Dracaena and Xanthorrhoea yield resin. Allium sativum (Liliaceae), known as garlic, is a strongly aromatic bulb crop believed to originate from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Western China (http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativum_%28PROTA%29). 7. [6], Due to the diversity of the originally broadly defined Liliaceae s.l., many attempts have been made to form suprageneric classifications, e.g. There are three fused carpels (syncarpus) with one to three chambers (locules), a single style and a three-lobed stigma. Distribution of Liliaceae 3. LAMIACEAE Swedish Ivy exhibits the square stems and opposite leaves [30], Many other botanists echoed Lindley's earlier concerns about the phylogeny of the Liliaceae, but various schemes to divide the family gained little traction. A well-known example is Leonardo da Vinci's Annunciation (14721475) in which the archangel Gabriel bears a Madonna lily. Ashwagandha and Atropa belladonna are medicinal plants of Solanaceae which is a dicot family. LVS does not induce specific symptoms in many cultivars, but reduced growth, small flowers, and lower bulb yields are recorded. [83] During World War II, starvation conditions in the Netherlands (Hongerwinter, hunger winter 1944) led to using Tulipa bulbs as food. The structure was established by an X-ray crystallographic investigation. Today there are a number of places in Turkey called Laleli (with tulips). It is also known as the lily family. Urginea sp. E. Colchicaceae, Burchardia umbel-lata. Hutchinson has excluded many genera which are included by many botanists in the family Liliaceae. Of these, 53% are used for the cut flower market and the remainder for the dry bulb market. He has included Allium, Agapanthus in the family Amaryllidaceae of his order Amaryllidales; Yucca, Dracaena, Sanseuiera, Phormium in the family Agavaceae of his order Agavales; Xanthorrhoea in the family Xanthorrhoeaceae of his order Agavales. Some species are poisonous if eaten and can have adverse health effects in humans and household pets. Reduction in the number of stamens to 3 (Ruscus). Other bulbs and rhizomes of a number of plants from the Lily family have been consumed after very thorough and proper cooking including Star of Bethlehem These toxins include scopolamine and hyoscyamine, which Accordingly formula 69 is not intended to depict absolute configuration. Which part of the male reproductive system store the sperm? [4] Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas. The Liliaceae are widely distributed, but mainly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Yeast: Origin, Reproduction, Life Cycle and Growth Requirements | Industrial Microbiology, How is Bread Made Step by Step? Breeding programs have produced a wide range of tulip types, enabling blooming through a much longer season by creating early, mid- and late spring varieties. "MONOCOTS V: 5th International Conference on Comparative Biology of Monocotyledons. It is a family of monocotyledonous plants. The Liliaceae are characterized in being perennial, usually bulbous herbs, lacking an onion-like odor, with basal or cau-line leaves, the inflorescence a raceme, umbel or of solitary flowers with a superior ovary. LVX is a potexvirus, which normally does not lead to pronounced symptoms in most cultivars, but enhances symptoms of LSV. Both Lonicerae japonicae flos and Lonicerae similis flos are important components in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with precious medicinal value. 4, Issue 6, Part B. Thiacremonone, given to db/db mice, significantly reduced body weight and decreased blood triglyceride and glucose levels when compared with controls (Ban etal.,2012). [62] Because of the history of Liliaceae, many species such as Watsonia (bugle lily) that were previously classified in this family bear the name 'lily' but are neither part of the genus Lilium, or the family Liliaceae. Also fungi, viruses and vertebrate animals such as mice and deer. Medicinal plant Allium sativum = A Review. In Smilax stipulate and stipules are modified into tendrils. The Liliaceae family was described by Michel Adanson in 1763 and formally named by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789. The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. [4][5], The diversity of characteristics complicates any description of the Liliaceae morphology, and confused taxonomic classification for centuries. It was shown that raw garlic extract significantly improves insulin sensitivity while attenuating MetS and oxidative stress in fructose-fed rats for 8weeks (Padiya etal.,2011; Panickar,2013). S-allylcysteine significantly improved glucose levels and insulin sensitivity in STZ-induced diabetic rats (Mathew and Augusti,1973; Panickar,2013). Tulips first appeared in the decorative arts in Turkey in the thirteenth century and flourished under the Ottomans, in particular in the royal palaces, and was adopted by the Osmans as their symbol. They are also an economically important product. LILIALES. Perennial and arboreal habit in some genera (Aloe, Yucca). Species of Veratrum contain the alkaloids jervine, cyclopamine (11-deoxojervine) and cycloposine (3-glucosyl-11-deoxojervine), and these compounds are known to be teratogenic (Keeler, 1984). Anthers are peltately attached to the filament or pseudobasifixed (the filament tip surrounded by but not adnate to connective tissue), and longitudinally dehiscent. [69][70], While members of the Liliaceae s.s. have been used as food sources in humans, the bulbs of some species are poisonous to household pets (bulb toxicosis) if eaten and may cause serious complications, such as kidney failure in cats from Lilies, particularly Lilium longiflorum (Easter Lily). Tulips exhibiting flower breaking induced by TBV. Atropa belladonna, commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae. Most showy monocot flowers with parts in threes belong to the Lily family or one of its allies. Radical, cylindrical, long, exstipulate, sessile, fleshy, sheathing leaf-base, hollow, multicostate parallel venation. Aloe:. The redefined Lily family has been reduced to about 16 genera and 640 species. Climber with tips of leaves turned into tendrils. [21] Major evolutionary clades include the Lilieae (Lilium, Fritillaria, Nomocharis, Cardiocrinum, Notholirion) from the Himalayas about 12mya and the Tulipeae (Erythronium, Tulipa, Gagea) from East Asia at about the same time. Long-Time Changin' in the Liliaceous Families", "Liliaceae Segregated According to Brummitt (1992)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&oldid=1127719218, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with dead external links from October 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 16 December 2022, at 08:10. Lambs may also be born with tracheal stenosis. Variable-solitary (Tulipa, Fritillaria), panicled raceme (Asphodelus), cymose umbel (Allium, Smilax), solitary axillary (Gloriosa). To distinguish between them, the Latin terms sensu lato and sensu stricto are frequently used (together with their abbreviations, s.l. (black mustard, cabbage, broccoli, brussel sprouts, etc. Tamokou, V. Kuete, in Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa, 2017. Placentation is axile. Tankeo etal. The closest sister family to the Liliaceae are the Smilacaceae with the Liliaceae separating 52 million years ago. The genus name comes from the Classical Latin word lilium, "lily", which in turn came from the Greek lerion (). The family was first described in the eighteenth century, and over time many other genera were added until it became one of the largest of the monocotyledon families, and also extremely diverse. The seeds are flat and discoid or ellipsoid, the endosperm with aleurone and fatty oils, but no starch. The flowers are bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, pedicellate, bracteate or not, hypogynous. Prolonged gestation may occur and is considered due to absence of a fetal pituitary gland (Burrows and Tyrl, 2001). ITIS 16,[43] GRIN 27,[44] WCSP,[45] NCBI,[46] DELTA[19] ) differ on the exact number of genera included in Liliaceae s.s., but generally there are about fifteen to sixteen genera, depending on whether or not Amana is included in Tulipa and Lloydia in Gagea. ): two Liliaceous "root" foods of the Northwest Coast Indians", "An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", "The Phylogenetic Taxonomy of Flowering Plants", "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", "Age and biogeography of major clades in Liliales", Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Cooking reduces the activity of isothiocyanates. is a Liliaceae plant which is used to make pesticides. Consequently, there are many different accounts of the Liliaceae in the literature and older uses of the term occur commonly. Name the types of nitrogenous bases present in the RNA. [74] Most Fritillaria (e.g. The Liliaceae in the past has been treated as a large assemblage (Liliaceae sensu lato), which has more recently been broken up into numerous segregate families. Since alline has never been synthesized, reisolation and study of the structure, reactions and activity is warranted. Sego Lily. About half of the commercial production is for cut flowers. A thorny climbing under-shrub with cladodes and fasiculated roots. FIGURE 7.29. Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach. These species can be ornamental or medicinal, or can be eaten or used to make textiles. Gloriosa, Colchicum. Of the fifteen genera within the Liliaceae, the ten genera of the Lilioideae subfamily form one morphological group that is characterised by contractile bulbs and roots, and a Fritillaria-type embryo-sac (megagametophyte with four megaspores). The Netherland produces about 2,200 million lily bulbs annually, of which 96% is used domestically and the remainder exported, principally within the European Union. (2009) have reported the antimicrobial activities of the methanol extract against S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, E. coli as well as the inhibitory effects of the ethanol extract against C. neoformans. Essential oil from onion contains a heart stimulant, increasing pulse volume and frequency of systolic pressure and coronary flow. Classed as goitrogens, which are naturally occurring substances that can interfere with the function of the thyroid. [61], The largest area of production is also the Netherland, with 76% of the global cultivated area, followed by France, Chile, Japan, the United States, New Zealand and Australia. Wildflowers & Weeds | Jefferson River Canoe TrailRoadmap To Reality | What's New? However, most of the West African countries as well as Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia are also producers (http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativum_%28PROTA%29). [8] The flowers may be arranged (inflorescence) along the stem, developing from the base, or as a single flower at the tip of the stem, or as a cluster of flowers. From the acrid resin of Xanthorrhoea sealing wax is prepared. The diversity is also of considerable evolutionary significance, as some members emerged from shaded areas and adapted to a more open environment (see Evolution).[6]. Alternative Title: lily family. Liliaceae, the lily family of the flowering plant order Liliales, with 16 genera and 635 species of herbs and shrubs, native primarily to temperate and subtropical regions. Members of the family usually have six-segmented flowers and three-chambered capsular fruits; occasionally the fruits are berries. Tubers with climbing stem, inflorescence small flowered racemes, e.g. I. Fritillaria biflora, chocolate lily, flower. Share Your PDF File Corm is very useful. Other effects of garlic or extracts include reducing blood pressure and total cholesterol and increasing HDL in spontaneously hypertensive rats (Preuss etal.,2001), diabetic rats (Eidi etal.,2006), or normal rats (Mehrzia etal.,2006), improving endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rats (Baluchnejadmojarad etal.,2003), and lowering glucose levels in fructose-fed insulin-resistant rats (Jalal etal.,2007). Montana. Alstroemeriaceae. Draw a neatly labeled diagram of chloroplast found in leaf, and its role in photosynthesis? Other members of the family used for food include Clintonia (leaves), Medeola (roots), Erythronium (corms), and Fritillaria (bulbs).[84]. ), Sinapis spp. [5] Those of the genus Lilium are particularly palatable, while species in Fritillaria are repellant. Stamens 6, polyandrous, in two whorls of 3 each, epiphyllous, filament narrow, dilated at the base, anthers dithecous, dorsifixed. Allium cepa (Chapter14) and Allium sativum (Chapter15) belong to this family. G. Close-up of flower. Other natural hosts are tulip and Alstroemeria. Most of their genera, Lilium in particular, face considerable herbivory pressure from deer in some areas, both wild and domestic. In Ruscus outer whorl of stamens is reduced to staminodes. The most newly defined families and subfamilies presumeably follow genetic lines and should be reasonably stable in the future. [20] Lilium bulbs, particularly Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii)[69] are used as food in China and other parts of Asia. Glacier National Park. [26][27][82] The bulbs of Fritillaria roylei have been used as antipyretics and expectorants. WebYpsilandra thibetica belongs to the family Liliaceae. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, Tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular, axile placentation, 2 ovules per loculus; style short filiform, stigma minute. This gives brassicas their peppery taste. Liliaceae Medicinal Plants. The correct option is D Aloe. Ashwagandha and Atropa belladonna are medicinal plants of Solanaceae which is a dicot family. This particularly happens when soil temperatures rise above 9C. Calochortus bulbs were eaten by Native Americans and by the Mormon settlers in Utah during starvation. Liliaceae comprises 50 genera and approximately 600 species of flowering plants with many of them been used as spices and vegetables. The primary teratogen is cyclopamine (Figure 84.1), and the critical exposure time is gestation days 13 to 15 (Molyneux et al., 2007; Welch et al., 2009). Sand Lily. Robert W. Coppock, Margitta M. Dziwenka, in Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, 2011. A major pest of Tulips is the fungus, Botrytis tulipae. whorled, usually sheathing, rarely petiolate, simple, and parallel veined [rarely net-veined]. International trade in cut flowers has an approximate total value of 11 billion euros, which provides an indication of the economic importance of this activity. One natural remedy that can be made from the plants and also natural herbs in your herb garden is a headache painkiller called Echinacea. [26][27] Tulips can cause skin irritation due to the presence of tuliposides and tulipalins,[78][79][80] which are also found in the flowers, leaves and stems of Fritillaria. Sepals and petals usually identical. The common cultivated garden plants are Tulipa, Lilium, Gloriosa, Aloe, Ruscus, Dracaena, Asparagus, Yucca, Hemerocallis etc. Further species were collected from Persia and the spreading Ottoman Empire saw to it that tulip culture also spread. Introduction The genus Veratrum consists of about 45 species in the northern regions on the earth, including 14 species in China, which plays an important role in Liliaceae family [1, 2].