Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. Source: Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XIV.16: "The Luxury of the Rich in Rome," c. 400 A.D. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. They are often based on primary sources. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. He was also notorious for his personal relationships . These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. Published by at 29, 2022. Editor: Paul Halsall. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. Church and W. J. Brodribb. Tools for primary source analysis. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. 719-549-2333. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with Nicopolis, who also was older than him. His primary duty was the defeat of Mithridates and the re-establishment of Roman power in the east. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Encyclopedias. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. Sulla 5 (L. Cornelius Sulla Felix) - Roman dictator, 82-79 B.C. [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. Click the title for location and availability information. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. Biographies of historical and famous people. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . [18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. . An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. The Steamboat Adventure. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . Tweet. Revised on November 11, 2022. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. Books. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. Deciding whether a source is primary or secondary is sometimes confusing. Ozzy Osbourne Grandchildren, Dalton Smith Pogo Stick, Best Basketball Camps In Ontario, Rinnai R53i Parts Diagram, Mennonite Vs Amish Vs Mormon, However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age .