Poland's Return to Capitalism: From the Socialist Bloc to the European Union [201] The executive power is exercised further by the Council of Ministers and the prime minister who acts as the head of government. [263] In 2019, Poland passed a law that would exempt workers under the age of 26 from income tax. Seaports exist all along Poland's Baltic coast, with most freight operations using winoujcie, Police, Szczecin, Koobrzeg, Gdynia, Gdask and Elblg as their base. [26] Neolithic excavations indicated broad-ranging development in that era; the earliest evidence of European cheesemaking (5500 BC) was discovered in Polish Kuyavia,[27] and the Bronocice pot is incised with the earliest known depiction of what may be a wheeled vehicle (3400 BC). Long may it prosper! [215] The Constitutional and State Tribunals are separate judicial bodies, which rule the constitutional liability of people holding the highest offices of state and supervise the compliance of statutory law, thus protecting the Constitution. Konflikt polsko-ukraiski 19431947. [193] An estimated 69% of all forests are coniferous. [204] The Sejm is elected under proportional representation according to the d'Hondt method for vote-seat conversion. Poland has a number of international airports, the largest of which is Warsaw Chopin Airport, the primary global hub for LOT Polish Airlines. With the passing of a prosperous Polish Golden Age, the country was partitioned by neighbouring states at the end of the 18th century and regained its independence in 1918 as the Second Polish Republic. Spain has a capitalist mixed economy. [382] Poland's leading 19th-century romantic poets were the Three Bards Juliusz Sowacki, Zygmunt Krasiski and Adam Mickiewicz, whose epic poem Pan Tadeusz (1834) is a national classic. Meals conclude with a dessert such as sernik (cheesecake), makowiec (poppy seed roll), or napoleonka cream pie. [47] In 1076, Bolesaw II re-instituted the office of king, but was banished in 1079 for murdering his opponent, Bishop Stanislaus. [195] Among the most protected species is the European bison, Europe's heaviest land animal, as well as the Eurasian beaver, the lynx, the gray wolf and the Tatra chamois. [41] Also, Otto bestowed upon Bolesaw royal regalia and a replica of the Holy Lance, which were later used at his coronation as the first King of Poland in circa 1025, when Bolesaw received permission for his coronation from Pope John XIX. [384][385], Contemporary Polish literature is versatile, with its fantasy genre having been particularly praised. [328][329], The framework for primary, secondary and higher tertiary education are established by the Ministry of Education and Science. [241][242] Municipal guards are primarily headed by provincial, regional or city councils; individual guards are not permitted to carry firearms unless instructed by the superior commanding officer. Asked By: Dennis Jenkins Date: created: Feb 25 2022. Webrockets team shop hours near jurong east; pennsylvania colony founded; patriot fire protection; chattanooga mocs men's basketball coaches [300], Polish is the official and predominant spoken language in Poland, and is one of the official languages of the European Union. I [149][150][151] About 90% of deaths were non-military in nature. [166] Poles then voted to join the European Union in a referendum in June 2003,[167] with Poland becoming a full member on 1 May 2004, following the consequent enlargement of the organisation. Russia is unique in that it doesnt easily sit on a spectrum from socialist to capitalist. Warsaw 1947. [399] Faktorowicz is also credited with inventing modern eyelash extensions. The following are illustrative examples of capitalist realism. Not as a socialist ideal, but instead as a new kind of ideal in a democratic, capitalist and European Poland. WebState capitalism is an economic system in which the government, or state, undertakes for-profit economic activity, and the means of production are state-owned enterprises. On 28 September 1939, Warsaw fell. 23 Min Read . The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Spain as a full democracy in 2016. [110] In Russia, the fall of the January Uprising (18631864) prompted severe political, social and cultural reprisals, followed by deportations and pogroms of the Polish-Jewish population. Poland is a parliamentary republic, with its bicameral legislature comprising the Sejm and the Senate. Through the emergence and contributions of the Solidarity movement, the communist government was dissolved and Poland re-established itself as a democratic state in 1989. It was one of the great powers of Europe at the time, with a uniquely liberal political system that adopted Europe's first modern constitution in 1791. Webdr pimple popper worst cases; culver's flavor of the day sussex; singapore pools claim prize; semi truck accident, colorado today This suggests that while socialism has some effect in Japan, it is not [282] He also derived a quantity theory of money, which made him a pioneer of economics. See also: Book review by Tomasz Staczyk: "Grzegorz Motyka oblicza, e w latach 19431947 z polskich rk zgino 1115 tys. The Solidarity movement heralded the collapse of communist regimes and parties across Europe. Homepage; About; Festival di Fotografia a Capri; Premio Mario Morgano [206] Both the lower and upper houses of parliament in Poland are elected for a four-year term and each member of the Polish parliament is guaranteed parliamentary immunity. The country has a good network of highways, composed of express roads and motorways. At the end of the 18th century, Polish classical music evolved into national forms like the polonaise. "Always home-made, tomato soup is one of the first things a Polish cook learns to prepare." [381] During the Enlightenment, playwright Ignacy Krasicki composed the first Polish-language novel. [284], Poland's tertiary education institutions; traditional universities, as well as technical, medical, and economic institutions, employ around tens of thousands of researchers and staff members. [219], Historically, the most significant Polish legal act is the Constitution of 3 May 1791. [395] The world's first written mention of vodka originates from Poland. The Catholic Church was a crucial imperialist tool for undermining Polands socialist government. [3] Poland is one of the most religious countries in Europe, where Roman Catholicism remains a criterion of national identity and Polish-born Pope John Paul II is widely revered. [211], The Constitution of Poland is the enacted supreme law, and Polish judicature is based on the principle of civil rights, governed by the code of civil law. WebRemember this: Capitalism rewards merit, socialism rewards mediocrity. [179] Topographically, the landscape of Poland is characterised by diverse landforms, water bodies and ecosystems. EMPLOYMENT 16-19: Indiana University; EMPLOYMENT 14-15: University of [21] Sigismund also countered the Ottoman Empire in the southeast; at Khotyn in 1621 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz achieved a decisive victory against the Turks, which ushered the downfall of Sultan Osman II. The Pieniny and Bieszczady Mountains lie in the extreme south-east. 1987. Approximately 311,895km2 (120,423sqmi) of the country's territory consists of land, 2,041km2 (788sqmi) comprises internal waters and 8,783km2 (3,391sqmi) is territorial sea. Among other notable sites in the country is Wrocaw, one of the oldest cities in Poland which was a model for the founding of Krakw. [275][bettersourceneeded] The Polish State Railways (PKP) is the dominant railway operator in the country. As of 2023, Poland's economy and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the sixth largest in the European Union by nominal standards and the fifth largest by purchasing power parity. Trees are decorated on 24 December, hay is placed under the tablecloth to resemble Jesus' manger, Christmas wafers (opatek) are shared between gathered guests and a twelve-dish meatless supper is served that same evening when the first star appears. [201] The council's individual members are selected by the prime minister, appointed by the president and approved by parliament. The Germans transported millions of Jews from across occupied Europe to be murdered in those camps. Instituted to redress long-standing political defects of the federative PolishLithuanian Commonwealth and its Golden Liberty, it was the first modern constitution in Europe and influenced many later democratic movements across the globe. Those sympathetic to socialism, however, respond that capitalism may produce wealth for some, but without government involvement in the economy many are In his Human Prosperity Project essay Socialism, Capitalism, and Income economist Edward Lazear analyzed decades of income trends across 162 countries. [179] The beach coastline is abundant in sand dune fields or coastal ridges and is indented by spits and lagoons, notably the Hel Peninsula and the Vistula Lagoon, which is shared with Russia. Webis poland capitalist or socialist. [217] Rape, assault and violent crime remain at a very low level. In the Baroque era, Jesuit philosophy and local culture greatly influenced the literary techniques of Jan Andrzej Morsztyn (Marinism) and Jan Chryzostom Pasek (sarmatian memoirs). [391][392], Traditional dishes are hearty and abundant in pork, potatoes, eggs, cream, mushrooms, regional herbs, and sauce. [380] Prime literarians of the period included Dantiscus, Modrevius, Goslicius, Sarbievius and theologian John Laski. The top Ekstraliga division has one of the highest average attendances for any sport in Poland. That is the difference between capitalism and socialism. Under capitalism, you need to work hard to keep fed. Poland is a capitalistic success story. The Poles actively aided French troops in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly those under Jzef Poniatowski who became Marshal of France shortly before his death at Leipzig in 1813. In 1956, after the death of Bolesaw Bierut, the rgime of Wadysaw Gomuka became temporarily more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. The longest Polish river is the Vistula, and Poland's highest point is Mount Rysy, situated in the Tatra mountain range of the Carpathians. [34][35] Beginning in the early 10th century, the Polans would come to dominate other Lechitic tribes in the region, initially forming a tribal federation and later a centralised monarchial state. Overwhelming Success. Spain has a capitalist mixed economy. Under socialism,you are poor but fed. The inter-war period heralded a new era of Polish politics. [138][139] Altogether, 3 million Polish Jews[140][141] approximately 90% of Poland's pre-war Jewry and between 1.8 and 2.8 million ethnic Poles[142][143][144] were killed during the German occupation of Poland, including between 50,000 and 100,000 members of the Polish intelligentsia academics, doctors, lawyers, nobility and priesthood. In 2020, the most popular types of newspapers were tabloids and socio-political news dailies. [164] Poland became a member of the Visegrd Group in 1991,[165] and joined NATO in 1999. [351], The origins of Polish music can be traced to the 13th century; manuscripts have been found in Stary Scz containing polyphonic compositions related to the Parisian Notre Dame School. [407] They are both recognised as pioneers of cinematography. [396] The most popular alcoholic drinks at present are beer and wine which took over from vodka more popular in the years 19801998. [358], The architecture of Poland reflects European architectural styles, with strong historical influences derived from Italy, Germany, and the Low Countries. Polish mountains are one of the tourist attractions of the country. [233], Law enforcement in Poland is performed by several agencies which are subordinate to the Ministry of Interior and Administration the State Police (Policja), assigned to investigate crimes or transgression; the Municipal City Guard, which maintains public order; and several specialised agencies, such as the Polish Border Guard. [327] Poland's Commission of National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), established in 1773, was the world's first state ministry of education. Towards the end of the 19th century, Congress Poland became heavily industrialised; its primary exports being coal, zinc, iron and textiles.[111][112]. [359] Settlements founded on Magdeburg Law evolved around central marketplaces (plac, rynek), encircled by a grid or concentric network of streets forming an old town (stare miasto). The first Stone Age archaic humans and Homo erectus species settled what was to become Poland approximately 500,000 years ago, though the ensuing hostile climate prevented early humans from founding more permanent encampments. [281] Perhaps the most renowned Pole to support this theory was Nicolaus Copernicus (Mikoaj Kopernik), who triggered the Copernican Revolution by placing the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe. [239] Polish military doctrine reflects the same defensive nature as that of its NATO partners and the country actively hosts NATO's military exercises. Is Canada a socialist country? Is the Czech Republic in the EU? June 14, 2022; can you shoot someone stealing your car in florida In accordance with the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit, Napoleon proclaimed the Duchy of Warsaw, a client state ruled by his ally Frederick Augustus I of Saxony. Its capitalist: wages system, class ownership, production for profit. [77] State affairs were then headed by Jan Zamoyski, the Crown Chancellor. Webmount pleasant michigan upcoming events. WebPoland became sort of socialist right when it was recognised as an independent state after WW1. As agreed in the MolotovRibbentrop Pact, Poland was split into two zones, one occupied by Nazi Germany, the other by the Soviet Union. [12] The name is derived from the Polans, a West Slavic tribe who inhabited the Warta River basin of present-day Greater Poland region (6th8th century CE). [171] In 2014, the Prime Minister of Poland, Donald Tusk, was chosen to be President of the European Council, and resigned as prime minister. [218] The country has imposed strict regulations on abortion, which is permitted only in cases of rape, incest or when the woman's life is in danger; congenital disorder and stillbirth are not covered by the law, prompting some women to seek abortion abroad. [330][331] Primary education traditionally begins at the age of seven, although children aged six can attend at the request of their parents or guardians. [331] A liceum or technikum is concluded with a maturity exit exam (matura), which must be passed in order to apply for a university or other institutions of higher learning. Overwhelming Success. Webis poland capitalist or socialist. [53] In 1264, the Statute of Kalisz introduced unprecedented autonomy for the Polish Jews, who came to Poland fleeing persecution elsewhere in Europe. [190], There is a considerable fluctuation in day-to-day weather and the arrival of a particular season can differ each year. Polish fashion chain moves into BHS flagship store", "The Wrightsman Collection. In 1925 she established Poland's Radium Institute.[280]. Under capitalism, you need to work hard to keep fed. [186] The highest summit of the Sudeten massif is Mount nieka at 1,603.3 metres (5,260ft), shared with the Czech Republic. [147][148] Of all the countries in the war, Poland lost the highest percentage of its citizens: around 6 million perished more than one-sixth of Poland's pre-war population half of them Polish Jews. Japan follows collective capitalism and is the only practical example of the system in the world. In the aftermath of World War I, the Allies agreed on the reconstitution of Poland, confirmed through the Treaty of Versailles of June 1919. [413], Motorcycle Speedway, volleyball and association football are among the country's most popular sports, with a rich history of international competitions. WebDemocratic Socialist Countries 2023. The Polish capital Warsaw and its historical Old Town were entirely reconstructed after wartime destruction. [238], Compulsory military service for men, who previously had to serve for nine months, was discontinued in 2008. A similar situation repeated itself in the 1970s under Edward Gierek, but most of the time persecution of anti-communist opposition groups persisted. [208] Under current legislation, a person must be 21 years of age or over to assume the position of deputy, 30 or over to become senator and 35 to run in a presidential election. Spains political procedure is a multi-party system, but because the Nineties two parties have been predominant in politics, the Spanish Socialist Workers Celebration (PSOE) and the Peoples Celebration (PP). [258], Poland has the largest banking sector in Central Europe,[259] with 32.3 branches per 100,000 adults. Websabbath school superintendent opening remarks P.O. Webis poland capitalist or socialistteamsters local 710 ups contract 2021. 27 Min Read . A notable highlight is the 13th-century Wieliczka Salt Mine with its labyrinthine tunnels, a subterranean lake and chapels carved by miners out of rock salt beneath the ground. is poland capitalist or socialistsouth carolina department of revenue ce 1p. It provides high standards of living, safety and economic freedom, as well as free university education and a universal health care system. In response, the Polish government proposes solidarism capitalism with a social face, involving more social support, especially for families as a sort of third way. Over two million Polish inhabitants of Kresy were expelled along the Curzon Line by Stalin. Despite persecution and imposition of martial law in 1981, it eroded the dominance of the Polish United Workers' Party and by 1989 had triumphed in Poland's first partially free and democratic parliamentary elections since the end of the Second World War. During the Warsaw Uprising alone, over 150,000 Polish civilians were killed, most were murdered by the Germans during the Wola and Ochota massacres. [371] Secular structures such as dworek manor houses, farmsteads, granaries, mills and country inns are still present in some regions or in open air museums (skansen). Is Canada a socialist country? "Tu si w lasy schroniy wygnane ze zbytkowych stow, narodowe potrawy, History of Poland during the Piast dynasty, History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty, History of Poland in the Early Modern era (15691795), rose several times against the partitioners, War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II, Collectivization in the Polish People's Republic, partially free and democratic parliamentary elections, collapse of communist regimes and parties across Europe, death of Poland's top government officials, consequent enlargement of the organisation, National Assembly of the Republic of Poland, Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland, Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, secondary administrative languages or auxiliary languages in bilingual municipalities, Programme for International Student Assessment, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "The Act of December 29, 1989 amending the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic", "Powierzchnia i ludno w przekroju terytorialnym w 2018 roku", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022", "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income", "Art of cheese-making is 7,500 years old", "Archaeologist: We have evidence of the presence of Roman legionaries in Poland", "Religious Toleration in Sixteenth-Century Poland. [192] The most common deciduous trees found across the country are oak, maple, and beech; the most common conifers are pine, spruce, and fir. [59][60] In 1364, Casimir inaugurated the University of Krakw, one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in Europe. [343], There are 13 government-approved annual public holidays New Year on 1 January, Three Kings' Day on 6 January, Easter Sunday and Easter Monday, Labour Day on 1 May, Constitution Day on 3 May, Pentecost, Corpus Christi, Feast of the Assumption on 15 August, All Saints' Day on 1 November, Independence Day on 11 November and Christmastide on 25 and 26 December. Production and consumer prices are controlled by the government to best meet the needs of the people. [365] The Renaissance (16th century) gave rise to Italianate courtyards, defensive palazzos and mausoleums. [21] The Italian-born Bona Sforza, daughter of the Duke of Milan and queen consort to Sigismund I, made considerable contributions to architecture, cuisine, language and court customs at Wawel Castle. In socialist economies, the government owns and manages the economic resources such as money and other forms of capital. WebCheck out our brand new channel, Visual Academy: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC00VXLPfLevjlZUhb3XkDhQPoland is experiencing [129], The wartime resistance movement, and the Armia Krajowa (Home Army), fought against German occupation. [341] Over 100 of the country's most significant tangible wonders were enlisted onto the Historic Monuments Register,[342] with further 17 being recognised by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. [71] In Poland, Nontrinitarian Christianity became the doctrine of the so-called Polish Brethren, who separated from their Calvinist denomination and became the co-founders of global Unitarianism. Polskie straty to 76106 tys. CONDITIONS OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CONSUMPTION AMONG POLISH CONSUMERS", "Maks Faktorowicz: Polak, ktry stworzy kosmetyczne imperium", "Maksymilian Faktorowicz czowiek, ktry da nam sztuczne rzsy", "Makeup Masters: The History of Max Factor", "Poland: An ambitious player making a name in the cosmetics industry", "Przemyski Inglot ma ju 400 sklepw na wiecie", "Reserved! [407] Poland has also produced influential directors, film producers and actors, many of whom were active in Hollywood, chiefly Roman Polaski, Andrzej Wajda, Pola Negri, Samuel Goldwyn, the Warner brothers, Max Fleischer, Agnieszka Holland, Krzysztof Zanussi and Krzysztof Kielowski. Often seen as the opposite of capitalism, socialism prescribes the belief of equal wealth distribution and government control of the economy. [179], Poland's longest rivers are the Vistula, the Oder, the Warta, and the Bug. Is Chile a socialist country? Its capitalist: wages system, class ownership, production for profit. [120] German planners had in November 1939 called for "the complete destruction of all Poles" and their fate as outlined in the genocidal Generalplan Ost. This suggests that while socialism has some effect in Japan, it is not as significant as capitalism. [346] On occasion, carolers journey around smaller towns with a folk Turo creature until the Lent period. [21][22] The origin of the tribe's name lies in the Old Polish word lda (plain). Is Turkey a socialist country? [355] The most distinguished painting in Poland is Lady with an Ermine (1490) by Leonardo da Vinci, which had a profound influence on Polish cultural heritage and national identity.[356]. [297], In the 2011 Polish census, 37,310,341 people reported Polish identity, 846,719 Silesian, 232,547 Kashubian and 147,814 German. The capitalist paradigm is rapidly falling out of favor. In his Human Prosperity Project essay Socialism, Capitalism, and Income economist Edward Lazear analyzed decades of income trends across 162 countries. [187] The lowest point in Poland is situated at Raczki Elblskie in the Vistula Delta, which is 1.8 metres (5.9ft) below sea level. [2] Official population statistics do not include migrant workers who do not possess a permanent residency permit or Karta Polaka. [387] Poland has six Nobel-Prize winning authors Henryk Sienkiewicz (Quo Vadis; 1905), Wadysaw Reymont (The Peasants; 1924), Isaac Bashevis Singer (1978), Czesaw Miosz (1980), Wisawa Szymborska (1996), and Olga Tokarczuk (2018). [89], The royal election of 1764 resulted in the elevation of Stanisaw II Augustus Poniatowski to the monarchy. Outstanding Polish mathematicians formed the Lww School of Mathematics (with Stefan Banach, Stanisaw Mazur, Hugo Steinhaus, Stanisaw Ulam) and Warsaw School of Mathematics (with Alfred Tarski, Kazimierz Kuratowski, Wacaw Sierpiski and Antoni Zygmund). [115] It reaffirmed its sovereignty after a series of military conflicts, most notably the PolishSoviet War, when Poland inflicted a crushing defeat on the Red Army at the Battle of Warsaw. [296] Population density is higher in the south of Poland and mostly concentrated between the cities of Wrocaw and Krakw. Those sympathetic to socialism, however, respond that capitalism may produce wealth for some, but without government involvement in the economy many are left behind. The [21], Poland was developing as a feudal state, with a predominantly agricultural economy and an increasingly powerful landed nobility that confined the population to private manorial farmsteads, or folwarks. [57][58] Under his authority, Poland transformed into a major European power; he instituted Polish rule over Ruthenia in 1340 and imposed quarantine that prevented the spread of Black Death. [331] Elementary school spans eight grades and secondary schooling is dependent on student preference a four-year high school (liceum), a five-year technical school (technikum) or various vocational studies (szkoa branowa) can be pursued by each individual pupil. [288] Furthermore, Poland's population is aging significantly, and the country has a median age of roughly 42. [335] There are three conventional academic degrees in Poland licencjat or inynier (first cycle qualification), magister (second cycle qualification) and doktor (third cycle qualification). Wrocaw is famous for its dwarf statues, a large market square with two town halls, and the oldest Zoological Gardens with one of the world's largest number of animal species. Websabbath school superintendent opening remarks P.O. [96] Corporal punishment of schoolchildren was officially prohibited in 1783. [95] Disregarding the territorial losses, in 1773 a plan of critical reforms was established, in which the Commission of National Education, the first government education authority in Europe, was inaugurated. Poniatowski was the head figure of the Enlightenment, encouraged the development of industries, and embraced republican neoclassicism. [199] There are 123 areas designated as landscape parks, along with numerous nature reserves and other protected areas under the Natura 2000 network. 94.83% declared exclusively Polish identity, 96.88% declared Polish as their first identity and 97.10% as either first or second identity. Private medical complexes exist nationwide; over 50% of the population uses both public and private sectors. [262] Exports of goods and services are valued at approximately 56% of GDP, as of 2020. [344], Particular traditions and superstitious customs observed in Poland are not found elsewhere in Europe. The country has 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 15 of which are cultural. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}52N 20E / 52N 20E / 52; 20, in Europe(green &dark grey)in the European Union(green) [Legend]. WebCheck out our brand new channel, Visual Academy: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC00VXLPfLevjlZUhb3XkDhQPoland is experiencing the best era in its history. [267][268], Tourist attractions in Poland vary, from the mountains in the south to the sandy beaches in the north, with a trail of nearly every architectural style. There are hundreds of research and development institutes. President Andrzej Duda, supported by Law and Justice party, was narrowly re-elected in the 2020 presidential election. Since the 20th century Polish documentary art and photography has enjoyed worldwide fame, especially the Polish School of Posters. Thomas White International (September 2011). Certain other countries such as Croatia, Hungary, Those sympathetic to socialism, however, respond that capitalism may produce wealth for some, but without government involvement in the economy many are left behind. Is Ukraine a nation state? WebRemember this: Capitalism rewards merit, socialism rewards mediocrity. [13] The tribe's name stems from the Proto-Slavic noun pole meaning field, which in-itself originates from the Proto-Indo-European word *pleh- indicating flatland. He | Jun 15, 2022 | disney baseball tournaments 2022 | when did massachusetts change license plates? evan peters jeffrey dahmer & Academic Background; department of public works massachusetts. [189], Phytogeographically, Poland belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. The highest part of the Carpathian massif are the Tatra Mountains, extending along Poland's southern border. [412] Public television extends its operations to genre-specific programmes such as TVP Sport, TVP Historia, TVP Kultura, TVP Rozrywka, TVP Seriale and TVP Polonia, the latter a state-run channel dedicated to the transmission of Polish-language telecasts for the Polish diaspora. WebThe postwar Polish republic, renamed in 1952 the Polish Peoples Republic, occupied an area some 20 percent smaller than prewar Poland, and its population of almost 30 million rose to nearly 39 million in the following four decades.