The 19th century was one of industrial revolution and wonder. The Velo-Dog was a pocket revolver originally created in France by Charles-Franois Galand in the late 19th century as a defense for cyclists against dog attacks. Bbl. Cal. Snipers Hide is a community of Snipers of all kinds, focusing on long range shooting, accuracy, and ballistics. Fair $ 0000. We take all the hassle out of selling your gun. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Pre-leash-law free-roaming dogs hated the new-fangled gizmos and were wont to attack rider and vehicle alike! These bite-sized snoopy snipers, often called Revolver de Poche in French speaking countries, are one of the best deals in the collectable gun market today. They were an instant hit with the public and by the 1920s near clones were being made by a dozen firms in almost every Western European country. If your gun is on the list you do not need a licence to own it as a 'curio' or 'ornament'. In this article, the photo shows a Belgian-made Velodog made for an 6,35 mm caliber cartridge. His son Rene registered the 'Velo Dog' trademark in Liege 1904. For comparison todays NAA mini-revolvers are 4-inches overall with a 1.12-inch barrel. Single diamond checkered wood grips. Initially, the term was probably applied exclusively to the revolvers chambered for that specific round. In 1894, Charles-Francois Galand designed a small pistol which used a 5.5mm cartridge. hurricane elizabeth 2015; cheap houses for sale in madison county; stifel wealth tracker login; zadna naprava peugeot 206; 3 days a week half marathon training plan; 2.14K subscribers Velo Dog Postman Pistols or Flobert Pistols These small Pistols were made over a hundred years ago in Belgium and France or Germany in the late 1800's. They are blank. Charles-Franois Galand (1832-1900) was a French gunsmith who worked in Lige, Belgium, and Paris, France.He manufactured many revolvers for civilian and military use, including the Galand Revolver (also called the Galand-Sommerville or Galand-Perrin), the Tue Tue, and the tiny Le Novo.The Velo-dog, developed from the Tue Tue and the Novo, was designed by Charles-Franois' son Ren in 1904. Bicycle Gun: The Doggone History Of These Pocket Pistols, 1791 Gunleather Introduces Optic Ready Holster Options, Double-Action vs. Single-Action Revolvers, 5 Best AR-10 Options You Can Actually Afford (2023), Colt Single Action Army Clones And Replicas Vs. Originals, Best .380 Pistol Options For Deep Carry (2023). Unloaded it weighs a mere 7.9 ounces, with an overall length of 5-1/4 and a 1-3/4 barrel. For this reason, manufacturers of the velo dog quickly changed their barrel configurations to accommodate this new caliber. A 6.35mm double-action revolver with 1.5" barrel, folding trigger and concealed hammer. san antonio housing authority login / chapter 23 care of patients with infection quizlet / chapter 23 care of patients with infection quizlet The Velo Dog design proved so popular with consumers that the design was eventually scaled up to chamber both .25 and .32 (7.65mm) auto cartridges for defense against two-legged assailants. The grips are very nice as well. Mainly they retained the loading and unloading mechanism that consisted of a hollow cylinder pin with an ejector-rod running down the center of it and a loading-gate on the right side of the frame. Let me start by pointing out that some of the research cited by sck, above, supports the fact that to be a true Velo-Dog revolver it must be chambered for the Velo-Dog cartridge: This just illustrates that Wikipedia is pointless. on Sep 21, 2019 Soit all comes down to how technical we want to be. Gun makers in Leige, Belgium and Eibar Spain quickly produced their own Velo-Dog revolvers. Some of the advertisements of the era made one purpose explicit. The result was the tiny 5.5mm Velo Dog. Must function properly and shoot. Sold. The Velo-Dog (also known as a Revolver de Poche) was a pocket revolver originally created in France by Ren Galand, son of Charles-Franois Galand in the late 19th century as a defense for cyclists against dog attacks. has lever type safety on left side. Reply Quote.
Belgian Velo-Dog Double Action Revolver Serial no undet. The barrel and cylinder still retain some of their original bluing, and the frame is color-case hardened, though little of the color remains. See Sold Price. They had some serious errors in a post about the little Velo-Dog revolver. Other than Wikipedia. This is pretty labor-intensive, but you can produce small numbers this way without too much of a problem. The cartridge, which is a centerfire .22 of slightly less power than a .22 Long Rifle, was responsible for a change in the NRA Pistol Rules. Login Get Prices. Cut a 3/16 long section of silver-bearing plumbing solder into the tube and push it to the bottom rimmed section with a rod, then heat the area with a torch until the solder flows and then allow to cool. It's for sale at a small antique shop. Notes Remington's Nylon 66 semi-automatic .22 LR rifles have grown from 1950s bargain buys to 21st century collectors darlings. Grey patina on the cylinder and barrel. Gun Type: Handgun: NIB $ 0000. The name combined the words Velocipede (bicycle) and Dog; his thought was that cyclists could use the revolver to discourage dogs that plagued them. A demand arose for small pistols which would fit easily in a cyclist's pocket. New in box - 100% condition in unopened box. Meddle not in the affairs of dragons, for thou art crunchy, and taste good with catsup - George of Lod, Year of Our Lord 297. They all have one or more of three specific features concealed hammer, folding spur-trigger, and manual safety. Please contact the developer of this form processor to improve this message. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. Blued, with . The 5.5mm Velo-Dog (AKA: 5.75mm Velo Dog) is a Center Fire cartridge with a Bullet Diameter of 0.225 in" (5.72mm) that is primarily used in Pistols. The latter proved especially dangerous to these 19th century Lance Armstrongs and led to one of the strangest arms races in human memory. I know nothing, but interested. Thanks to the 6,35 mm Browning cartridges used in the revolver (0.25 ACP), the drum is short and does not look at all like the typical elongated bicycle codes. Jim Supica is a contributor to Gun Digest. You have entered an incorrect email address! If you have the time you can open all the files on the littlegun sight. As the name suggests, a velo-dog revolver was designed to protect velocipedists against dogs when out for a ride. There are traces of blue on the ejector rod and spring and traces of case hardening on the frame. They all are pocket size. velo-dog revolver Handguns: General Handgun Forum : The Firing Line Forums > Hogan's Alley > Handguns: General Handgun Forum: velo-dog revolver . Most of the small revolvers they produced were Baby Bulldogs, small versions of the British bulldog style revolvers in .320 Revolver, or Puppies chambered in .22 Short. It's an example of a cheap pocket pistol from a century ago - a 6-shot Belgian revolver chambered for .22 Short (sometimes referred to as a Velodog). I WOULD TO KNOW HISTORY &VALUE FIREARMS DO NOT KILL PEOPEL PEOPEL KILL PEOPEL October 13, 2006, 09:38 AM #2: springmom. Very Good - 90% - 95% condition (all parts/finish should be original). Common grips were hard rubber, but silver, wood, antler, mother-of-pearl and ivory were also used. The revolvers were open-framed and often had folding triggers to prevent accidental discharge and to make them more compact. The name is a portmanteau of "velocipede" and "dog". Another feature on many late models Velo-Dogs is the lack of a trigger guard, and a trigger that folds into the body of the weapon when not in use. Some of the cartridges were loaded with cork, pepper or dust shot for those who wished to scare off the animals not harm them. All have short barrels and originally fired the 5.75mm (.22 calibre) Velo-dog cartridge, although many of the Velo-Dogs produced after 1900 accepted .22 LR or .25 ACP rounds. Most of the other brand of clones are unmarked save for the occasional serial number and go for $100 or less. Poor rover. Epic 22 Pocket Pistol: The Beretta 71 Jaguar. This is a beautiful gun with 95% of the original blue finish. And crikey it was loud! Velo-Dog revolver by Jaques Mussen-Lallamand probably. A lovely example of an early classic 1900 Velo Mini Revolver. This mechanism was as simple as possible to prevent the user from having to regularly maintain the firearm. The ejector pin would be drawn forward, then pivoted to the side to allow empty cases to be pushed out when the loading gate was opened. Similarly, the very popularity of the velo dog design led later manufacturers to introduce velo dog look-alikes in .320, 8mm lebel, etc. Learn More{{/message}}. Ignoring the complaint about wiki, let's look at Velo Dogs. See Sold Price. Condition: Fine. However, at the same time, the 6,35 cartridge became increasingly popular with the introduction of the Baby Browning and the subsequent tidal wave of small Spanish and other semi automatic pistols. when fired from a similar gun. Interesting traditional double action revolver designed for self-defense against dogs while riding bicycles. It features a 1.75-inch barrel, 6-round cylinder, manual safety, and folding trigger. Reloading dies are available, though they are rather more expensive than more common calibers. If you like what you see here, please consider clicking the link above and supporting me on Patreon. That's where an entire genre of pocket pistols emerged explicitly for this purpose. A lot of special interest groups with money post and bombard the social media waves with half truths or out right lies and unless you are an intelligent individual and can think for yourself than you won't buy into everything that is on the internet. For those with soft hearts, there were also loads that replaced the lead bullet with wax, olive wood, or cork. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The 5.5mm Velo Dog later formed the basis of the .221 Askins, and .22 Hornet, but thats another article. As a result the name stems from a portmanteau of two words; dog and Velocipede - from latin meaning fast foot which led to the French name for bicycle -vlo. It has a folding trigger, Bulldog-style ejection and a manual safety located just above the hard rubber grips on the back of the frame. Thing was, the modern world wasnt very friendly towards these early cyclists and their velocipedes. Webley No. I guess flat-faced triggers were not in then. Save Share. Looks like something somebody made with a drill press and a 2 axis vise. Save my name and email to use for future comments. All have short barrels. To the adventurous collector exploring this field, it can sometimes seem more challenging to find two alike than to find a new variation. When I get the reloading dies Ill see about working up some loads that mimic the performance of the original cartridge. Almost as many of us have been chased, at one time or another, by a canine while on said bicycle. The top strap is marked "Randf: Cal: 22-230, Syst: Hammerless". Most everyone has rode a bicycle at one time or another. The name is a compound word composed of "velocipede" and "dog". Velo-Dog revolvers came in all levels of finish, from sometimes crude offerings from Eibar to fancy nickle-plated and engraved examples such as this one. Now I have a hang on the naming schema of these types of pistol I want a BABY Browning <g> The theory was that with the increasing popularity of cycling (especially among women) and with cyclists venturing into the countryside they would need a small pistol which was not too heavy but was capable of protecting them against wild animals and rabid dogs. The original load used a 43gr. Leash laws have a real purpose. After careful examination I am reasonably sure this one was made by Mussen-Lalleman between 1908-1914, and the Belgian proof-marks on the barrel, frame and cylinder support this. JavaScript is disabled. Indeed, packs of feral dogs seem to have been a real problem in Paris and its environs, and for some reason bicycles in particular excited their chase reflex. The Galand company produced their Velo Dog style revolvers from 1894-1940 in their proprietary 5mm chambering. Surviving examples vary considerably in appearance, but have certain features in common. (.22 calibre) Velo-dog cartridge, although many of the . Antique (Pre-1899) Rifles - Flintlock Misc, Antique (Pre-1899) Rifles - Matchlock/Wheellock Misc, Century Arms International (CAI) - Rifles, Muzzleloading Modern & Replica Rifles (perc), Winchester Rifles - Modern Bolt/Auto/Single, Winchester Rifles - Pre-1899 Bolt/Single Shot, Century Arms International (CAI) - Pistols, Colt Automatic Pistols (.25, .32, & .380 cal), Colt Single Action Revolvers - Modern (22 Cal. Belgian and Spanish guns also frequently had a manual safety that prevented the trigger from moving. Find Gun Values . Showing 1-36 of 126 results. Liberalism is a mental disorder and it's chief symptoms are rampant hypocrisy and projection. Col. There are people who say that every revolver that sort of looks like a Nagant IS a Nagant. June 12, 2022. how old is tova borgnine son . The bottom loop of the trigger kept hitting my knuckle just as the gun fired, throwing off my aim. Galand designed a centerfire round about the length of a .38 Special but with a 45-grain .22-caliber bullet and a light, often black powder, charge. They were originally developed by Charles-FranoisGalandand his sonRen. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. Good - 80-90% condition (all parts/finish should be original). Join Date: October 26, 2005. You are using an out of date browser. The caliber is .22. Note that concealed carriers often loaded these cartridges with cayenne pepper or a hopefully less-lethal cork or wax bullet. However, it wasn't until the 1880s and 1890s that the pedal-chain rear-wheel drive safety bicycle velocipede found favor as an efficient form of personal transportation for the general public, with the advantage that you didn't have to feed it hay and oats. DWM Model 1893 Borchardt Semi Auto Pistol (AH8173) $26,500.00 Serial number 1865. Auction:3529815 This is a Belgian made, 5 shot, Velo Dog type revolver in 25 acp caliber. The value of a Velodog revolver depends on its condition, age, and whether or not it is complete and original. Good $ 0000. International shipping - items may be subject to customs processing depending on the item's customs value. Get 12 Issues a year of the country's best firearms writing. For this reason, my website includes both calibers as legitimate velo dog charges, though the 6,35 might be considered 'second generation'. It looks a lovely little antique and is going for cheapish. The Velo-Dog (also known as a Revolver de Poche[1]) was a pocket revolver originally created in France by Ren Galand, son of Charles-Franois Galand in the late 19th-century as a defense for cyclists against dog attacks. We find the dealer that offers you the most money. Bore and Action excellent. They all have one or more of three specific features concealed hammer, folding spur-trigger, and manual safety. Item Overview Description SERIAL NUMBER 14 BARREL 1-1/4" CALIBER 6.35 VELO DOG CF. . A 6.35mm double-action revolver with 1.5" barrel, folding trigger and concealed hammer. The original guns used the proprietary 5.5mm Velo-Dog cartridge was basically a centerfire .22LR that was slightly less powerful than the 22LR. I have heard people call the Japanese T14 a Luger because the long barrel makes it sort of look like a Luger. Reloading kit for pinfire cartridges
SMALL CONCEALED HAMMER VELO DOG REVOLVER | 23 | 98 | Lc | 62.5185ms. http://www.guns.com/2012/10/11/velo-dog-revolver/, https://forum.cartridgecollectors.org/t/the-velo-dog/23400, The Ask the Pros & What's It Worth? In 1893, Charles designed an 8mm hammerless pocket revolver he marketed as the Tue Tue. Yes, a velo dog revolver uses a 5.5 [or 5.7] cartridge. In 1894 Rene Galland, a Parisian gunmaker, patented a .22 caliber centerfire cartridge, the 5.5mm Velo-dog, and introduced a series of revolvers that chambered for it. Value, depending upon condition, whether it works or not and if everything is original would be in the $250 to $350 range, from what I've seen at gun shows in my area. sometimes known as a cyclists or dog pistol. All Rights Reserved. Belgian Velo-Dog 22LR Revolver - Used in Fair Condition This is a vintage Belgian Velo-Dog revolver chambered in 22 Long Rifle. On average, a Velodog revolver in good condition can be worth anywhere between $200 and $400. ), Muzzleloading Modern & Replica Pistols (flint), Muzzleloading Modern & Replica Pistols (perc), United States Patent Firearms Revolvers/Pistols, Century Arms International (CAI) - Shotguns. Given the library of excess trivial gun data I have accumulated I decided to do something about a post on Wikipedia. Arms catalogues of 1900 1911 etc listed them that way. Mechanism needs repair or adjustment. Poor - under 30% condition. The left frame is marked with the letters "F A" over a star over a cresent moon which may be Turkish. The Velo-Dog was a pocket revolver originally created in France by Charles-Franois Galand in the late 19th century as a defense for cyclists against dog attacks. revolver with a concealed hammer and folding trigger. This kind of gun was made by a variety of different manufacturers over the years, but most have two main components in common: a concealed hammer and a short barrel. For bullets I pulled the 29gr. All parts were made and put into a container and then assembled into one gun - one at a time. Some of the cartridges were loaded with cork, pepper or dust shot for those who wished to scare off the animals not harm them. Description: 20th Century Europe VELODOG Style Pocket Revolver C&R Eligible, with Folding Trigger, in 5.5mm Here we present a Velodog-style Revolver, made circa 1910 in Liege, Belgium. Nice little gun. Weeks, (1992). Good old Col Charlie was always looking for an edge, so he had a Woodsman converted to centerfire and shortened Velo Dog brass to LR length. Coat this section with soldering flux and gently tap it into a section of 1/4 diameter thin-walled brass tube. There were other styles including top-break revolvers with auto-ejectors, but most of them operated like a Bulldog revolver. To our Moderators: If it's ok I would like to change the title of this post to " Velo-Dog Revolvers " and archive the above. Folding trigger 5.5mm or 6.35mm revolver bearing trademark "EA" on grips. On page 176 of the 1911 ALFA catalogue of Adolf Frank Export Gesellschaft, Hamburg, the round is listed as the 5.75 Velo Dog in the section of the catalogue devoted to revolver ammunition p.176. 48 round box. They are stamped close to the bullet hole inserts. In 1997, Casull Arms introduced an updated and very well made version of the Velo-Dog revolver style in .22 LR, the Model CA2000. The owner, manager, and primary engineer, Charles-Franois Galand, designed several innovative and popular revolvers for military and civilian defense purposes. I guess you can teach an old dog new tricks. Editor's Note: This article is from Gun Digest 2022, 76th Edition, available at GunDigestStore.com. However, Im unsure on caliber, it could also be chambered in something else, however the majority of Velo-Dog revolvers Ive encountered were 25 ACP. The concept took off in Europe and became known as Velo-Dog revolvers. They often had cylinders capable of holding five rounds. Although this huge catalogue has three pages of various Velo Dog revolvers for sale this is the only Velo-Dog cartridge listed. By the 1870s, the colorful high-wheel bicycle gained popularity among young men with a sense of adventure, good balance, and a certain disregard for its inherent dangers. Most of nickel finish left on frame. This package DOES NOT come with a case. The Manufacturer cannot be found, but this weapon is known as the Velo-Dog, originally created in the late 19th century as a defense for cyclists against dog . It may not display this or other websites correctly. Come join the discussion about optics, hunting, gunsmithing, styles, reviews, accessories, classifieds, and more! Should I bother with them? Required fields are marked *. Hi folks, I've found what appears to be a late 1800's blank firing Postmans dog scarer pistol. They even had their own cartridge the 5.5mm Velo-Dog (also variously called the 5.6, 5.75, 5.8, or 6mm Velo-Dog). Ill revisit this later when I have more proper ammo. Today, the Velo-Dog term is used for a broad assortment of Euro pocket revolvers in various calibers by diverse (and often anonymous) makers, probably because no one can think of what else to call them. Kingston, NY 12401 Phone: 866.686.7424 Fax: 877.486.7278 Made circa 1890s. Later model Velo-Dog type made by HDH (model name: Lincoln-Bossu). The Velo Dog | An Official Journal Of The NRA Explore The NRA Universe Of Websites Quick Links NRA.ORG Manage Your Membership NRA Near You Friends of NRA State and Federal Gun Laws NRA Online. The short 2-inch barrel on the bicycle model certainly made it easier to carry in a pocket while the legs were vigorously pumping pedals. 5.5mm Velo-Dog revolver (W&M) 5.6mm x 34R Francotte Carbine (D) 5.6mm x 33 Rook (B) 6mm Beaumont revolver (W&M) 6mm Merveilleux (W&M) 6mm Protector (W&M) 6mm Lee Navy (Hu) The name is a compound word composed of 'velocipede ' and 'dog'. Senior Member . Velo-Dog Revolver. 5.5 Velo Dog. The intended usage was even more explicit in Europe. Mark indicates gauge prior to 1925, a 3-inch chamber, but after that year chamber length had to be indicated in inches. During the era in which hammerless pocket pistols grew in popularity, human-powered wheeled transportation was undergoing a similar development period. Stuff a bullet into the case so it doesnt collapse when you chuck it up in a hand-drill, then use the drill and a file to recuse a section at the base of the cartridge just ahead of the rim to about .220. The 5.5mm Velo-Dog also has a case length of 1.12 in" (28.45mm) and an overall length of 1.35 in" (34.29mm). In 2022 a new or used Galand Velo-Dog Revolver value varies depending on supply and demand. Retaining 85% + original finish with much peacock bluing. For the more humane, there were cartridges loaded with cayenne pepper or dust,[4] or which had bullets made from wax, wood or cork. This is an original closed frame 6 shot, Velo-Dog type revolver has a fluted cylinder and 1 " octagonal barrel (5 . European Revolvers
However, my correction was taken down the next day and the post was returned to the original. Lot 2171 Dessard Belgian Folding-Trigger Tip-Up Revolver in Pipe Casing Serial no 1440 $3,093.75 04/25/2005 Lot 775 Francotte Hammerless Pocket Double Action Revolver Gold Inlaid Serial no 3635 $1,589.00 04/24/2006 Lot 359 Janssen Sons & Co. Belgian Vest Pocket Revolver + Traveling Case velo dog pistol value. The 3-3-3 Drill and Individual Self-Defense, Not the Sensitive Type, But Recoil is a Thing. "Velo Dog Revolver: Snubby snoopy sniper", "5,75x30 R/5.5 Velo-Dog/5.6 Velodog/5.6x29.5 Velodog/5.8 Velo Dog/6 mm Velodog/.225 Velodog/5.5 mm N 8/GR 646/SAA 0410/ECRA-ECDV 06 029 CBC 010", "Belgian .22 Short Mini Pocket Revolver (Velo-dog)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velo-dog&oldid=1141397554, Short description with empty Wikidata description, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, A Velo-dog makes a minor appearance as an assassin's concealable pistol in the novel, This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 21:36. probably. Here's what it's like to shoot this classic scattergun. Galand designed a centerfire round about the length of a .38 Special but with a 45-grain .22-caliber bullet and a light, often black powder, charge. [1], The original revolver uses the Galand company's proprietary 5.75mm Velo-dog cartridge, a centrefire 5.5mm (nominally 5.75) cartridge slightly less powerful than the 22 Long Rifle, using a jacketed bullet. Number 1. If you have some tools and are a handy sort you can make your own from .25 ACP cartridges and 1/4 brass tube. Semi-smokeless proof for all guns in use since 1904. ARIZMENDI HAMMERLESS VELO DOG REVOLVER 6.35MM. The revolver was fixed framed and the cylinder was loaded and unloaded via a rear flip-down gate. This gun has a matching magazine.
S&W 629 and Colt Anaconda - I now own both. A Chilliwack man who accidentally shot himself with a French palm pistol known as a "Velo Dog" because of its use by cyclists to fend off attacks from animals has lost his appeal of a. Up Next we have a British Velo Dog Revolver Chambered in .32 It is a 5 Shot Revolver with a Folding Trigger, and a 1 . 3. This article relating to revolvers is a stub. Your email address will not be published. It is a hammerless double-action-only five-shot stainless steel revolver with a folding trigger and manual safety. The revolver has a 1.5" barrel a. on Jan 12, 2019. . SOLD - $485.00. SKU: 22050052. Unfortunately for every 1 of us with a working brain there are 10000 that believe every thing that is written. Likewise, the hammer was hidden inside the frame and completely shrouded. SEND EMAIL ADDRESS FOR ADDITIONAL PHOTOS. The gun locks up properly, and everything works as it should. To get around the Galands unique cartridges some clones were made in .22 rimfire and .25 ACP, but of course, the rule of thumb in collecting Velo Dogs is that if its not chambered for the pooch, its not a Dog. Velo-Dog pistols were initially chambered a proprietary 5.5mm Velo-Dog cartridge but later they appeared in a number of small calibres including .22 rimfire and .25ACP calibres. My guess would be that different authorities use different definitions, but what remains true for all is that a specific design of pistol was manufactured to use 5.5 cartridges and was soon designed to house larger cartridges. A Cold War era classic with smooth lines, a legendary back story, and an exotic-sounding name, Beretta's Model 71 was definitely a mouse that roared. There is, of course, no perceptible recoil and with these low-powered loads the report was quite mild. Chambered in a centerfire round very close in performance to the .22LR. Cobblestone streets gave such a hard ride that early bicycles were nicknamed boneshakers. Made in Belgium. As the buyer, you should be aware of possible: .
The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. They were christened Velo-Dog revolvers, sometimes also called Revolver de Poche (Poche apparently meaning pocket, not pooch.) Some argue that the dog part of Velo-Dog references bulldog-style revolvers, but the similarity escapes me.
Developed in the late 19th century by French-Belgian Gunmakers Galand the Velo-Dog revolvers were aimed at the burgeoning cyclist market. It also appears that it was made in 1924-25 range.